Diseases of Immunity - Part 1

Question 1

What is innate immunity?

Answer 1

Pre-existing defense against pathogens

Question 2

What are the components of innate immunity?

Answer 2

Barriers
Complement proteins
Neutrophils, NK cells, Dendritic cells

Question 3

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

Specific, programmed defense to an antigen

Question 4

What are the components of adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

Lymphocytes and Antibodies

Question 5

What are some barriers involved with innate immunity?

Answer 5

Skin
Mucous membranes
Ciliated epithelia
Tears
Saliva
Acid of the stomach

Question 6

What are pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 6

Receptors that recognize common microbe components

Question 7

What are 3 types of pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 7

Toll-like receptors
Nod-like receptors
C-type lectin receptors

Question 8

What transcription factors to TLRs activate?

Answer 8

NF-KB

IRFs

Question 9

Job of TLRs?

Answer 9

Increase cytokines and adhesion molecules

Question 10

What do Nod-like receptors recognize and where are they?

Answer 10

In cytoplasm; recognize damaged cell products

ATP, uric acid

Question 11

Job of Nod-like receptors?

Answer 11

Activate inflammasome which activates IL-1

Question 12

What do C-type lectin receptors recognize and where are they?

Answer 12

Plasma membrane; recognize fungi

Question 13

What complement protein is deposited on microbe?

Answer 13

C3b

Question 14

3 jobs of complement activation?

Answer 14

MAC formation - lysis of microbe
Phagocytosis of microbe
+C3a/C5a - recruitment of leukocytes and inflammation

Question 15

What controls NK cell activity?

Answer 15

Its receptors

Question 16

What ligands can inhibit NK cells?

Answer 16

Self MHC molecules

Class 1 MHC

Question 17

What ligands can activate NK cells?

Answer 17

Damaged cells recognized by NKG2D receptors

Question 18

What are the generative organs for adaptive immunity?

Answer 18

Bone marrow

Thymus

Question 19

What occurs at the bone marrow for adaptive immunity?

Answer 19

Generate lymphocyte stem cells and mature B lymphocytes

Question 20

What cells will you find in the bone marrow?

Answer 20

Erythroid RBC precursors
Megakaryocytes (platelet precursors)
Neutrophils
Adipocytes
Endothelium

Question 21

What occurs at the thymus for adaptive immunity?

Answer 21

T lymphocyte maturation

Question 22

Describe T cell migration through the thymus

Answer 22

Immature T cells begin at peripheral cortex

As they mature they reach the central medulla

Question 23

What does the medulla of the thymus contain?

Answer 23

Mature T cells
Dendritic APCs with high levels of MCH classes 1 and 2
Hassall corpuscles (squamous cell nests)

Question 24

What are the peripheral organs of adaptive immunity?

Answer 24

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Mucosal - associated lymph tissues (tonsils, adenoids, peyer’s patches)

Question 25

What do lymphocytes interact with in lymph nodes?

Answer 25

APCs and antigens in circulating lymph

Question 26

In lymph nodes, where are the T and B cells located?

Answer 26

T cells = paracortex | B cells = germinal center

Question 27

What occurs at the lymph nodes?

Answer 27

T and B cell clonal expansion B cell differentiation into plasma cells Migrations of T and plasma cells into circulation

Question 28

What do lymphocytes encounter in the spleen?

Answer 28

Blood-borne antigens

Question 29

What purpose do mucosal - associated lymphoid tissues have?

Answer 29

Allow lymphocytes to be in close proximity to antigens in mouth and GI tract

Question 30

CD4+

Answer 30

Helper T cells

Question 31

Actions of CD4+ helper T cells?

Answer 31

Inflammation | Activation of macrophages and other lymphocytes

Question 32

What class and antigen type do CD4+ helper T cells recognize?

Answer 32

``` MHC class 2 - Extracellular bacteria and allergens in APCs ```

Question 33

Process of MHC class 2 cells displaying Ag?

Answer 33

- Endolysosomal enzymes take Ag -> peptides - Peptides put into vesicle with MHC 2 - Both sent to surface for display

Question 34

CD8+

Answer 34

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 35

Actions of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 35

Killing of infected cells

Question 36

What class and antigen type do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells recognize?

Answer 36

``` MHC class 1 - Intracellular viral and tumor antigens in NUCLEATED cells ```

Question 37

Process of MHC class 1 cells displaying Ag?

Answer 37

- Proteosome takes Ag -> peptides - Peptides taken to ER and bound to MHC 1 - Both sent to surface for display

Question 38

What are MHC?

Answer 38

Peptide display for T cells | HLA

Question 39

Describe Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 39

APCs bring back pathogens for T cell recognition | - T cells proliferate, differentiate, migrate and kill

Question 40

Describe Humoral immunity

Answer 40

- B lymphocyte - Become plasma cells - Produce antibodies = Neutralize, phagocytize microbe and activate complement

Question 41

What T cells can help mature B cells?

Answer 41

CD4+

Question 42

T cell dependent humoral immunity helps do what 2 things?

Answer 42

Isotype switching | Increasing affinity

Question 43

IgM

Answer 43

1st Ab produced and is big pentamer

Question 44

IgG

Answer 44

Longest 1/2 life and important in fetal protection

Question 45

IgA

Answer 45

Mucosal defense and present in high levels of clostrum

Question 46

IgE

Answer 46

Shortest 1/2 life and regulates hypersensitivity reactions

Question 47

Which Ab has a high affinity for Fc receptors on mast cells, basophils and eosinophils?

Answer 47

IgE

Question 48

Mucosal defense Ab thats in clostrum?

Answer 48

IgA

Question 49

Fetal protection Ab?

Answer 49

IgG

Question 50

1st Ab produced?

Answer 50

IgM

Question 51

If lymphocytes are targeted against a pathogenic antigen, what happens to them?

Answer 51

Activated and cloned!

Question 52

If there is a large population of immune cells with SAME genes, what could that indicate?

Answer 52

Neoplasia Lymphoma Abnormal clone