Chapter 2 (Sections 3-5) - Cell Responses

Question 1

What are the 3 principal cell targets of injurious stimuli?

Answer 1

Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
DNA

Question 2

What are some causes of Mitochondrial damage that causes necrosis?

Answer 2

Hypoxia

Toxins

Question 3

If the Mitochondria is targeted by hypoxia and toxins, what will result?

Answer 3

DECREASED ATP production
INCREASED ROS
= Necrosis

Question 4

What are some causes of Mitochondrial damage that cause apoptosis?

Answer 4

Protein and DNA damage

Question 5

If the Mitochondria is targeted by protein and DNA damage, what will result?

Answer 5

INCREASED PRO-apoptotic molecules (BAK, BAX)
– Leakage of Cytochrome C out of Mitochondria
= Apoptosis

Question 6

What are some causes of cell membrane damage?

Answer 6

ROS

Question 7

Which cell membranes are targets of ROS?

Answer 7

Lysosomal
Mitochondrial
Plasma

Question 8

If the Cell membranes are targeted by ROS, What will result?

Answer 8

Necrosis

Question 9

What are some causes of DNA damage?

Answer 9

Radiation

Mutations

Question 10

If DNA is damaged, what will result?

Answer 10

Apoptosis

Question 11

Increased production of ROS or decreased scavenging of ROS leads to their excess. What is this called?

Answer 11

Oxidative stress

Question 12

Oxidative stress can cause what damage to the cell?

Answer 12

Membrane damage
DNA damage and mutations
Protein modifications

Question 13

What ion in excess in the cytoplasm can cause cell injury?

Answer 13

Calcium

Question 14

Increased cytosolic calcium causes what damage to the cell?

Answer 14

Membrane damage
DECREASED ATP
Nuclear damage

Question 15

Unfolded Protein Response

Answer 15

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER can cause Apoptosis

Question 16

What inflammatory cells can release large amounts of ROS that can damage the cell?

Answer 16

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Question 17

What are the 4 cellular adaptations to stress?

Answer 17

1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia

Question 18

Hypertrophy

Answer 18

Increased cell SIZE!!

- Causes an increase in organ size too

Question 19

Increase in cell size due to stress?

Answer 19

Hypertrophy

Question 20

What is the mechanism of Hypertrophy

Answer 20

Increases Intracellular proteins to increase cell size

Question 21

Most common cause of Pathologic Hypertrophy and an example

Answer 21

Increased workload

ex. Pressure overload on the heart

Question 22

Most common cause of Physiologic Hypertrophy and an example

Answer 22

Hormone induced enlargement from hypertrophy of smooth muscle
ex. Increased uterine size due to estrogen during pregnancy

Question 23

Hyperplasia

Answer 23

Increased cell NUMBER

Question 24

Hyperplasia can only occur in cells that are capable of?

Answer 24

Cell division and thus replication

Question 25

Pathologic Hyperplasia

Answer 25

Excessive or inappropriate actions of hormones or growth factors that increase cell number

Question 26

Physiologic Hyperplasia

Answer 26

Due to actions of hormones or growth factors when there is a needed compensation due to damage or resection

Question 27

Hyperplasia is a characteristic response to certain ___ infections

Answer 27

Viral

Question 28

Atrophy

Answer 28

Decreased cell SIZE and NUMBER | - Causes a decrease in organ size too

Question 29

Atrophy is due to?

Answer 29

Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation

Question 30

Pathologic Atrophy

Answer 30

Decreased workload, loss of innervation or blood supply

Question 31

Physiologic Atrophy is common when?

Answer 31

During development

Question 32

Metaplasia

Answer 32

Reversible changes where 1 differentiated cell type is replaced with another differentiated cell type

Question 33

What cell types usually get replaced with metaplasia?

Answer 33

Epithelial or Mesenchymal

Question 34

Metaplasia changes cell type to a type that can?

Answer 34

Withstand the new environment and adapt best

Question 35

Metaplasia results from what 2 options?

Answer 35

1. Reprogramming local stem cells | 2. Colonization by differentiated cell types from another location

Question 36

Metaplasia is usually which transition?

Answer 36

Columnar to Squamous

Question 37

Which cellular adaptation to stress can initiate malignant transformation?

Answer 37

Metaplasia

Question 38

Intracellular accumulations usually occur where in the cell?

Answer 38

Cytoplasm Lysosomes Nucleus

Question 39

4 mechanisms that cause intracellular accumulations

Answer 39

1. Inadequate removal 2. Accumulation of endogenous product 3. Failure to degrade a metabolite due to enzyme defect 4. Exogenous substance deposition

Question 40

Examples of lipids that can accumulate intracellularly

Answer 40

Triglycerides Cholesterols Phospholipids

Question 41

Triglyceride accumulation causes what?

Answer 41

Steatosis (fatty changes)

Question 42

Cholesterol accumulation causes what?

Answer 42

Atherosclerosis and xanthomas

Question 43

How do proteins appear when they accumulate?

Answer 43

Eosinophilic droplets

Question 44

Examples of protein accumulation intracellularly

Answer 44

Amyloid | Plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with Alzheimers

Question 45

With what disease is Glycogen accumulation seen?

Answer 45

Diabetes

Question 46

Examples of exogenous pigment accumulation?

Answer 46

Tattooing | Carbon - black lungs

Question 47

Examples of endogenous pigment accumulation?

Answer 47

Lipfuscin granules - yellow brown in the heart Melanin Hemosiderin - iron

Question 48

Hyaline change

Answer 48

Alterations in cells that give them a smooth, glassy, pink appearance

Question 49

Lysosomal Storage Disease

Answer 49

Inability to degrade a metabolite due to an enzyme defect

Question 50

Pathologic Calcification

Answer 50

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts, magnesium and iron into tissue

Question 51

2 types of Pathologic Calcification

Answer 51

1. Dystrophic Calcification | 2. Metastatic Calcification

Question 52

Dystrophic Calcification occurs where?

Answer 52

Occurs in areas of necrosis

Question 53

Metastatic Calcification occurs why?

Answer 53

In normal tissues due to Hypercalcemia

Question 54

____ is one of the strongest independent risk factors for chronic disease

Answer 54

AGE

Question 55

Progressive decrease in cellular function caused by abnormalities and accumulation of damage over time

Answer 55

Cellular Aging

Question 56

What 3 things cause Cellular Aging?

Answer 56

1. DNA Damage 2. Decreased replication of cells 3. Defective protein homeostasis

Question 57

With cellular aging there is decreased replication of cells. What is this called?

Answer 57

Cellular Senescence

Question 58

With cellular aging and decreased replication of cells, what part of the DNA is shortened and causes this?

Answer 58

Telomere

Question 59

What may slow cellular aging and activate DNA repair?

Answer 59

Caloric restrictions

Question 60

Decreased IGF-1 and Increased Sirtuins may slow?

Answer 60

Cellular aging