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MOD > Chronic Inflammation, Systemic Effects and Scar Formation (3) > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation, Systemic Effects and Scar Formation (3) Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

3 causes of Chronic Inflammation

A
  1. Persistent Infection
  2. Hypersensitivity Disease
  3. Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
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2
Q

ex. of a hypersensitivity disease that can cause chronic inflammation

A

Autoimmune

Asthma

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3
Q

ex. of a toxic agent that with prolonged exposure can cause chronic inflammation

A

Silica

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4
Q

What cells infiltrate with chronic inflammation?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages and Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Dominant cell with chronic inflammation?

A

MACROPHAGES

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6
Q

Where are macrophages derived from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow postnatally

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7
Q

Macrophages circulating in blood are called?

A

Monocytes

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8
Q

Liver macrophages are called?

A

Kupffer cells

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9
Q

CNS macrophages are called?

A

Microglia

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10
Q

Skin macrophages are called?

A

Langerhans cells

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11
Q

2 pathways for macrophage activation?

A

M1 - classical

M2 - alternative

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12
Q

What stimulates the M1 activation pathway?

A

IFNgamma

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13
Q

What stimulates the M2 activation pathway?

A

IL-13 and IL-4

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14
Q

What do M1 macrophages release?

A

ROS, NO, lysosomal enzymes

IL-1, IL-12, chemokines

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15
Q

What do M1 macrophages cause to happen?

A

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

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16
Q

What do M2 macrophages release?

A

IL-10

TGF-beta

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17
Q

What do M2 macrophages cause to happen?

A

Anti-inflammatory effects

Tissue repair

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18
Q

What cells amplify chronic inflammation due to generation of memory cells?

A

T and B Lymphocytes

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19
Q

In what reactions are eosinophils abundant?

A

IgE and Parasitic

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20
Q

Eosinophilic granules release a major basic protein. List 1 good and 1 bad effect.

A 
Good = kills parasites
Bad = damages epithelial cells
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21
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation is a type of _____ inflammation

22
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation is characterized by collections of what 2 cell types?

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A

Macrophages

T lymphocytes

23
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation has a central area of?

24
Q

What is an example of a Granulomatous Inflammation?

25
3 things involved in the Acute Phase Response (systemic effects of inflammation)?
Fever Acute Phase Reactants Leukocytosis
26
What is Leukocytosis?
Increased production of leukocytes - Can see more immature neutrophils "left shift" - Seen in an Acute Phase response (systemic effects of inflammation)
27
What are 3 Acute Phase Reactants?
1. C reactive protein 2. Fibrinogen 3. Serum Amyloid Associated Protein (AA)
28
C reactive protein and AA are both aid in clearing?
Clearing necrotic debris
29
C reactive protein and fibrinogen are both stimulated by?
IL-6
30
Increased Fibrinogen causes what to form?
Rouleaux = RBC stacking
31
Increased Fibrinogen increases RBC stacking which increases?
ESR - sedimentation rate
32
A normal ESR is usually below?
20 for men | 30 for women
33
Bacterial infections have increased?
Neutrophils
34
Viral infections have increased?
Lymphocytes
35
Allergies and parasites have increased?
Eosinophils
36
Tissue repair occurs by what 2 processes?
1. Regeneration of new cells - normal | 2. Deposition of connective tissue - scar
37
What molecule stimulates cell proliferation for tissue repair?
TGFbeta
38
Labile tissues
Continuously dividing | ex. Surface epithelia
39
Stable tissues
Arrested in G0 stage | ex. Liver, kidney, pancreas
40
Permanent tissues
Terminally differentiated | ex. CNS neurons and heart
41
Main steps in scar formation?
Inflammation Cell proliferation - 10 days Formation of Granulation tissue Deposition of Connective Tissue
42
Cell proliferation during scar formation includes what cell types?
Epithelial, Endothelial and Fibroblasts
43
What do fibroblasts produce at the wound site for scar formation?
Collagen
44
Granulation tissue includes?
Fibroblasts, Loose CT and mononuclear leukocytes
45
What molecule stimulates the deposition of connective tissue for scar formation?
TGFbeta
46
What provides growth factors for proliferating tissues and stimulates fibroblasts proliferation during scar formation?
Macrophages
47
What remodel scar via collagen and ECM degradation after its formed?
Matrix Metalloproteinases
48
Hypertrophic scar
Excessive collagen accumulation
49
Keloid
Scar tissue continues to grow and does NOT regress
50
Keloids are more common in what race?
African Americans
51
Ulcers are found with defects in?
Wound healing

MOD (68 decks)

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