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Neoplasia (7) Flashcards

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1
Q

Clonal process initiated by a genetic mutation conferring growth advantage on involved cells

A

Neoplasia

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2
Q

2 types of neoplasia?

A

Benign

Malignant

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3
Q

What is the main way to distinguish a benign neoplasia from a malignant neoplasia?

A 
Benign = LOCALIZED
Malignant = invasive and metastasizes
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4
Q

Cancer is considered what type of neoplasia?

A

Malignant neoplasia

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5
Q

Benign and Malignant neoplasias - edge type

A

Benign - Intact and encapsulated edge

Malignant - irregular, heterogenous and infiltrative edge

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6
Q

Benign and Malignant neoplasias - growth

A

Benign - Exophytic growth (above surface)

Malignant - Endophytic growth (into surface)

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7
Q

Benign neoplasias usually end in what suffix?

A

“oma”

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8
Q

Through what mechanisms do benign neoplasias do harm?

A

Compression of structures
Hemorrhage
Hormone secretion

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9
Q

Malignant neoplasias from mesenchyme suffix?

A

Sarcoma

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10
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant mesenchymal derived neoplasia

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11
Q

Malignant neoplasias from epithelium suffix?

A

Carcinoma

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12
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial derived neoplasia

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13
Q

Malignant neoplasias from blood cells?

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Myeloma

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14
Q

Melanoma, Mesothelioma and Seminoma - benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

- Exceptions to the naming conventions

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15
Q

Mesenchymal tissue examples

A

Bone, muscle, fat, tendons, blood vessels

- sarcomas

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue examples

A

Skin, mucous, glandular, lining epithelium

- carcinomas

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17
Q

Cell are responsible for invasion and spread. What surrounds them?

A

Stroma - forms tumor friendly micro-environment

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18
Q

Teratoma forms from?

A

Totipotent stem cells

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19
Q

A Teratoma includes?

A

Elements derived from epithelial AND mesenchymal elements

= More than 1 germ cell layer present

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20
Q

Hamartoma

A

Overgrowth of mature tissues but with disorganization and often 1 dominating element

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21
Q

What is an example of a hamartoma?

A

Large polyp in the bowel – normal elements just weirdly organized

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22
Q

Hamartomas as what type of neoplasm?

A

Benign

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23
Q

Choristoma

A

Mass of tissues from another part of the body in the wrong location

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24
Q

What is an example of a Choristoma?

A

Pancreatic tissue in the stomach

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25
What are the morphologic changes that lead to cancer?
1. Metaplasia 2. Dysplasia 3. Carcinoma in situ
26
Metaplasia
1 cell type is replaced with another
27
Metaplasia leads to?
Dysplasia
28
Dysplasia
Disordered growth
29
Dysplasia leads to?
Carcinoma in situ
30
Carcinoma in situ
Full thickness; severe dysplasia | Has yet to penetrate basement membrane
31
Degree of differentiation reflects?
How much the neoplasm resembles the original tissue cells
32
Well differentiated =
Lots of resemblance to original cells
33
Poorly differentiated =
Not much resemblance to original cells
34
Anaplasia
NO differentiation (NO resemblance)
35
Pleomorphism
Variability in cell shape and size
36
Immunostains, hormone secretion amount and serum tumor markers all reflect what degree of differentiation?
Well differentiated (still similar to normal tissues)
37
With acute leukemias, cancer cells are halted at the ____ stage
Blast
38
With chronic leukemias, cancer cells are halted at the ____ stage
Mature
39
Benign and Malignant - degree of differentiation
Benign - well differentiated | Malignant - poor differentiation
40
Benign and Malignant - rate of progression
Benign - SLOW; rare to see mitotic figures | Malignant - ERRATIC, can be fast or slow; mitotic figures are numerous
41
The more mitotic figures means?
The faster the rate of growth
42
Benign and Malignant - metastasis?
Benign - NO | Malignant - YES
43
What are 3 types of metastasis?
1. Lymphatic spread 2. Hematogenous spread 3. Direct seeding
44
Lymphatic spread
Cancer cells gain entry into lymphatics
45
What type of metastasis is the most common route for carcinomas?
Lymphatic spread
46
When tracer dye is injected into the tumor, the first lymph node to take up the dye is considered?
Sentinel node
47
Why is identifying the sentinel node important?
Can remove only that one and save other lymph nodes from having to be taken out
48
What type of metastasis the most common route for sarcomas?
Hematogenous mets
49
Primary targets of Hematogenous mets?
Lungs, liver, bone
50
TNM staging
T - tumor size N - degree of nodal mets M - presence or absence of distal mets
51
Most common cancer diagnosis for men and women?
Men - prostate | Women - breast
52
Most common cancer deaths for men and women?
LUNGS
53
Why are cancer deaths on the decline?
Decreased smoking and increased screening
54
What are 7 cancers associated with smoking?
``` Oral Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Lungs Bladder Pancreas ```
55
What are 4 occupational cancer agents?
Asbestos Benzene Radon Vinyl Chloride
56
Vinyl chloride is associated with cancer?
Hepatic angiosarcoma
57
Childhood cancer is associated with what type of mutations?
Germline
58
What are 3 acquired predisposing factors for cancer?
Chronic inflammation Immunodeficiency Precursor lesions
59
Are benign neoplasms usually precursors for their malignant counterparts?
NO
60
What is an exception to the rule that benign neoplasms are not precursors for their malignant counterparts?
Colon adenoma --> carcinoma
61
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
Tumor secretes substances and evokes cytokines and antibodies
62
Paraneoplastic syndrome of squamous carcinoma?
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
63
Paraneoplastic syndrome of small cell carcinoma?
Cushing syndrome
64
Paraneoplastic syndrome of pancreatic carcinoma?
Thrombi formation
65
Paraneoplastic syndrome of acute promyelocytic carcinoma?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
66
Direct carcinogen
Carcinogenic from the start
67
Indirect carcinogen
Metabolic process must occur before substance is carcinogenic
68
What is responsible for converting indirect carcinogens into active carcinogens?
Cytochrome P450
69
UVB rays create?
Pyrimidine dimers that distort DNA
70
What normally corrects the pyrimidine dimers?
Nucleotide excision repair
71
Xeroderma Pigmentosum has defects in?
Nucleotide excision repair
72
What is seen with xeroderma pigmentosum?
Familial melanomas due to inability to correct mutations caused by UV rays
73
Ionizing radiation can cause carcinogenesis even years after exposure. What types of cancers were seen later on after japan atomic bombs and chernobyl?
Japan atomic bombs - colon, breast, lung | Chernobyl - thyroid

MOD (68 decks)

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