Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology ICSM COPY > Histopathology 4 - Endocrine disease > Flashcards

Histopathology 4 - Endocrine disease Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Release ADH and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the most common causes of hyper- and hypo-pituitarism?

A

Hyperpituitarism: functional adenoma
Hypopituitarism: nonsecretory adenomas/ ischaemic necrosis/ surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common type of functioning adenoma?

A

30% prolactinoma,

15% ACTH-oma, 15% GH-oma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of prolactinomas?

A

Amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, loss of libido, infertility

Usually diagnosed quicker in females of reproductive age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of local mass effect of pituitary tumours?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia
Elevated ICP
Obstructive hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of growth hormone adenomas?

A

Prepubertal children → gigantism

Adult → acromegaly

Diabetes, muscle weakness, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of ischaemic necrosis in hypopituitarism?

A

post-partum (Sheehan syndrome)

pituitary enlarges during pregnancy → more susceptible to ischaemia

PPH (Sheehan syndrome) → ischaemia

Other causes: DIC, sickle cell anaemia, elevated ICP, shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some clinical features of anterior pituitary hypofunction

A

Children - growth failure (pituitary dwarfism)

Gonadotrophin deficiency

  • Amenorrhoea and infertility in women
  • Decreased libido and impotence in men

TSH and ACTH deficiency

  • SECONDARY hypothyroidism and SECONDARY hypoadrenalism

Prolactin deficiency

  • failure of post-partum lactation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some clinical features of post pituitary syndromes?

A

ADH → deficiency, insensitivity, excess → DI or SIADH

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce and how does this affect Ca?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce calcitonin → absorption of Ca by skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Recall 4 differentials for primary hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Grave’s
  2. Hyperfunctioning multinodular goitre
  3. Hyperfunctioning adenoma
  4. Thyroiditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Recall some causes of non-toxic goitre

A

enlargement w/o overproduction of thyroid hormons - impaired synthesis thyroid hormones

  • iodine deficiency
  • puberty in girls
  • Ingestion of some substances that interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis (e.g. brassicas)
  • hereditary enzyme deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What triad of symptoms and signs are present in Graves’ disease?

A

TEP

Thyrotoxicosis, Exophthalmos, Pretibial myxoedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cause of secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can struma ovarii cause thyroid disease?

A

Ovarian teratomas can secrete ectopic thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s

Post-ablative (after surgery or radioiodine therapy)

Iodine deficiency

Congenital biosynthetic defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Differentiate the type of auto-antibodies involved in Grave’s vs Hashimoto’s

A

Grave’s: anti-TSH
Hashimoto’s: anti-TPO and anti-TG (thyroglobulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the histological appearance of a Hashimoto’s thyroid?

A

Hurthle cells

epithelial cells large with lots of eosinophilic cytoplasm

Lymphoid cells

chronic infection / AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main symptoms of Hashimoto’s?

Study These Flashcards
A

Clinically hypothyroid
Painless goitre

20
Q

What is a thyroid adenoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Benign neoplasm of follicular thyroid epithelium

Small proportion will be functional and cause thyrotoxicosis

21
Q

How are thyroid adenomas diagnosed?

Study These Flashcards
A

FNA and cytology

22
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Papillary

then follicular -> medullary -> anaplastic

23
Q

What are the key histological features of papillary thyroid cancer?

Study These Flashcards
A

Psammoma bodies (calcifications),

Orphan’s Annie Eyes (clear nuclei)

24
Q

Which type of thyroid adenoma is associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia?

25
What are the 4 subtypes of thyroid carcinoma?
Follicular Papillary Medullary Anaplastic
26
Which type of thyroid carcinoma is most aggressive?
Anaplastic
27
How can you stain for thyroid medullary cell carcinoma?
calcitonin produced by the tumour cells is broken down and deposited as amyloid within thyroid → **Congo Red + polarised light**
28
How does Ca affect PTH?
↓ Ca → PTH 1 alpha hydroxylase activation ⇒ calcidol → calcitriol ⇒ gut effects Osteoclast activation → Ca liberation Direct renal calcium resorption + phosphate excretion
29
PTH and Ca in primary, secondary, tertiary hyperparathyroidism
primary - PTH high in comparison with hypercalcaemia due to non-parathyroid disease
30
What is the histological feature of parathyroid adenoma?
normal parathyroids are 50% fat (seen in image) however there is ~0% fat in oedematous parathyroid
31
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Solitary adenoma
32
What are the clinical features of hypercalcaemia?
Bones, stones, groans, psychic moans Bones - bone resorption with thinning of cortex and cyst formation (osteitis fibrosa cystica), fractures Stones - renal stones and obstruction Groans - GI disturbance (constipation, pancreatitis, gallstones) psychic moans - CNS alterations (depression, lethargy, seizures) Neuromuscular abnormalities (weakness) Polyuria and polydipsia
33
What is the most common symptom of hyperparathyroidism?
Clinically silent hypercalcaemia (so not really a symptom)
34
What is secondary hyperparathyroidism almost always caused by?
Caused by any condition (usually low vitamin D) → chronically low calcium almost always renal failure * renal failure → low vitamin D * PT glands enlarged (may be asymmetrical) * → bone changes (as in primary disease)
35
Recall 3 possible causes of hypoparathyroidism
Surgical ablation Congenital absence (DiGeorge syndrome) Auto-immune
36
Recall 4 possible symptoms of hypoparathyroidism
hypocalcaemia: Neuromuscular irritability (tingling, muscle spasms, tetany) Cardiac arrhythmias Fits Cataracts Mnemonic: CATS go numb (convulsions, arrhythmia, tetany, spasms, numbness)
37
Recall the synthetic function of each zone of the adrenals
Medulla: Noradrenaline and adrenaline Reticularis: androgens Fasciculata: glucocorticoids Glomerulosa: aldosterone
38
What type of cells make up the adrenal cortex and medulla?
cortex - epithelial cells medulla = neural cells
39
What are the causes of Cushing's syndrome?
Most associated with ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma sometimes hyperplasia of ACTH-secreting cells rather than a discrete adenoma - nodular hyperplasia of the cortex
40
What are some exogenous and endogenous causes of Cushing's syndrome?
Exogenous Administration of glucocorticoids ectopic ACTH (i.e. SCLC) Adrenals show bilateral hyperplasia Endogenous Primary hypothalamic or pituitary disease with ­ ACTH (Cushing's disease) Most will be due to a solitary neoplasm (either adenoma or carcinoma) It can sometimes be due to bilateral hyperplasia
41
What are some causes of hypoaldosteronism?
60% bilateral adrenal hyperplasia 35% adenoma (Conn's syndrome)
42
What are the clinical features of hyperaldosteronism?
Hypertension – accounts for very small percentage of causes Hypokalaemia
43
What is Waterhouse-Friedrichson syndrome?
Adrenal insufficiency with sepsis and DIC
44
What are some causes of primary adrenal insufficiency?
Acute - sudden withdrawal corticosteroid therapy, haemorrhage (neonates), Waterhouse-Friderichson Chronic - Addisons, TB/HIB, metastatic tumour
45
What are the causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
reduced ACTH Non-functional pituitary adenoma Another lesion of pituitary or hypothalamus (inc. infarction)
46
What is MEN syndrome?
group of inherited conditions → proliferative lesions (hyperplasia, adenomas and carcinomas) of multiple endocrine organs
47
Which endocrine conditions are associated with MEN 1/2a/2b?

Pathology ICSM COPY (90 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions