Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
absence seizure
A
a small seizure in which there is a sudden or temporary loss of consciousness lasting only a few seconds
2
Q
acetylcholine
A
a chemical substance in the body tissues that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve to another. It has a stimulant effect on some parts of the body and a depressant effect on other parts of the body; also known as a neurotransmitter.
3
Q
afferent nerves
A
transmitters of nerve impulses toward the CNS; also known as sensory nerves
4
Q
agnosia
A
loss of mental ability to understand sensory stimuli (such as sound, sight, touch) even though the sensory organs themselves are functioning properly
5
Q
agraphia
A
the inability to convert one’s thoughts into writing
6
Q
alexia
A
the inability to understand written words
7
Q
analgesia
A
without sensitivity to pain
8
Q
anesthesia
A
without feeling or sensation
9
Q
aneurysm
A
a localized dilatation in the wall of an artery that expands with each pulsation of the artery; usually caused by hypertension or artherosclerosis
10
Q
aphasia
A
inability to communicate through speech, writing or signs because of an injury or disease in certain areas of the brain.
11
Q
apraxia
A
inability to perform coordinated movements or use objects properly; not associated with sensory or motor impairment or paralysis
12
Q
arachnoid membrane
A
the weblike middle layer of the three membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
13
Q
astrocyte
A
a star-shaped neuroglial cell found in the the CNS
14
Q
astrocytoma
A
a tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes
15
Q
ataxia
A
without muscular coordination
16
Q
aura
A
the sensation an individual experiences prior to the onset of migraine headache or an epileptic seizure. It may be a sensation of light or warmth and may precede the attack by hours or only a few seconds
17
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
the part f the nervous system that regulates the involuntary vital functions of the body, such as the activities involving the heart muscle, smooth muscles, and the glands. Has two divisions: the SNS and the PNS.
18
Q
axon
A
the part of the nerve cell that transports nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body
19
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
a protective characteristic of the capillary walls o the brain that prevents the passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream into the brain tissue of CSF.
20
Q
bradykinesia
A
Abnormally slow movement
21
Q
brain stem
A
the stemlike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemisphere with the spinal cord. It contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.
22
Q
Brudzinski’s sign
A
a positive sign of meningitis, in which there is an involuntary flexion of the arm, hip and knee when the patient’s neck is passively flexed
23
Q
burr hole
A
a hole drilled into the skull using a form of drill
24
Q
cauda equina
A
the lower end of the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves that occupy the spinal canal below the level of the first lumbar vertebra; so named because it resembles a horse’s tail
25
causalgia
a sensation of an acute burning pain along the path of a peripheral nerve, sometimes accompanied by erythema of the skin; due to injury to peripheral nerve fibers.
26
cell body
the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm
27
central nervous system
one of the two main divisions of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.
28
cephalagia
pain in the head; headache
29
cerebellum
the part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary muscular movement; located behind the brain stem.
30
cerebral concussion
a brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds. This transient loss of consciousness is usually caused by blunt trauma (a blow to the head)
31
cerebral contusion
small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain; better described as a "bruise" of the brain tissue occurring when the brain strikes the inner skull
32
cerebral cortex
the thin outer layer of nerve tissue, known as gray matter, that covers the surface of the cerebrum
33
cerebrospinal fluid
the fluid flowing through the brain and around the spinal cord that protects them from physical blow or impact.
34
cerebrum
the largest and uppermost part of the brain. It controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions and voluntary movements.
35
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by periods of apnea followed by deep rapid breathing
36
coma
a deep sleep in which the individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to external stimuli.
37
comatose
pertains to being in a coma
38
contracture
a permanent shortening of a muscle causing a joint to remain in an abnormally flexed position, with resultant physical deformity.
39
convolution
one of the many elevated folds of the surface of the cerebrum; also call gyrus.
40
craniotomy
a surgical incision into the cranium or skull
41
deficit
any deficiency or variation of the normal, as in weakness deficit resulting from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
42
dementia
a progressive irreversible mental disorder in which the person has deteriorating memory, judgment and ability to think
43
demyelination
destruction or removal of the myelin sheath that covers a nerve or nerve fiber.
44
dendrite
a projection that extends from the nerve cell body. It receives impulses and conducts them on the cell body.
45
diencephalon
the part of the brain located between the cerebrum and the midbrain. Its main structures consist of the thalamus, hypothalamus
46
diplopia
double vision; also called ambiopia
47
dura mater
the outermost of the three membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord
48
dyslexia
a condition characterized by an impairment of the ability to read. Letters and words are often reversed when reading.
49
dysphasia
difficult speech
50
efferent nerves
transmitters of nerve impulses away from the CNS; also known as motor nerves
51
embolism
an abnormal condition in which a blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood within the vessel.
52
epidural space
the space immediately outside the dura mater that contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues.
53
epilepsy
a neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of sudden brief attacks of seizures. The seizure may vary from mild and unnoticeable to full-scale convulsive seizures.
54
fissure
a deep groove on the surface of an organ
55
fontanelle or fontanel
a space covered by tough membrane between the bones of an infant's cranium, called a "soft spot".
56
gait
the style of walking
57
ganglion
a knotlike mass of nerve tissue found outside the brain or spinal cord (plural: ganglia)
58
gray matter
the part of the nervous system consisting of axons that are not convered with myelin sheath, giving a gray appearance.
59
gyrus
one of the many elevated folds of the surface of the cerebrum (plural: gyri).
60
hemiparesis
slight or partial paralysis of one half of the body
61
hemiplegia
paralysis of one half of the boy
62
herpes zoster
an acute infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, characterized by painful vesicular lesions along the path of a spinal nerve; also called shingles
63
hyperesthesia
excessive sensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as pain or touch
64
hyperkinesis
excessive muscular movement and physical activity; hyperactivity.
65
hypothalamus
a part of the brain located below the thalamus that controls many functions, such as body temperature, sleep and appetite.
66
interneurons
connecting neurons that conduct impulses from afferent nerves to or toward motor nerves
67
kernig's sign
a diagnostic sign for meningitis marked by the person's inability to extend the leg completely when the thigh is flexed upon the abdomen and the person is sitting or lying down.
68
kinesiology
the study of muscle movement
69
lethargy
a state of being sluggish
70
longitudinal fissure
a deep groove in the middle of the cerebrum that divides the cerebrum into the right and left hemisphere.
71
medulla oblongata
one of the three parts of the brain stem. It is the most essential part f the brain in that it contains the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain.
72
meninges
the three layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
73
microglia
small neuroglial cells found in the interstitial tissue of the nervous system that engulf cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens withing the nerve tissue.
74
midbrain
the uppermost part of the brain stem.
75
motor nerves
Transmitters of nerve impulses away from the CNS; also known as efferent nerves
76
myelin sheath
a protective sheath that covers the axons of many nerves in the body. It acts as an electrical insulator and helps to speed the conduction of nerve impulses.
77
narcolepsy
a rare syndrome of uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep.
78
nerve
a cordlike bundle of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. It is macroscopic.
79
nerve block
the injection of a local anesthetic along the course of a nerve or nerves to eliminate sensation to the area supplied by the nerve(s); also called conduction anesthesia.
80
neuralgia
Severe, sharp, spasmlike pain that extends along the course of one or more nerves.
81
neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve
82
neuroglia
the supporting tissue of the nervous system
83
neurologist
a physician who specializes in treating the diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
84
neurology
the study of the nervous system and its disorders
85
neuron
a nerve cell
86
neurosurgeon
a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system.
87
neurosurgery
any surgery involving the nervous system (i.e., of the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves).
88
neurotransmitter
a chemical substance within the body that activates or inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses.
89
nuchal rigidity
rigidity of the neck. The neck is resistant to flexion. This condition is seen with patients with meningitis
90
occlusion
blockage
91
oligodendrocyte
a type of neurogial cell found in the interstitial tissue of the nervous system. Its dendrite projections coil around the axons of many neurons to form the myelin sheath.
92
palliative
soothing
93
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities and trunk, usually due to spinal cord injuries
94
parasympathetic nerves
nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as slowing the heart rate, increasing peristalsis of the intestines, increasing glandular secretions, and relaxing sphincters.
95
parasympathomimetic
copying or producing the same effects as those o the parasympathetic nerves; "to mimic" the parasympathetic nerves
96
paresthesia
a sensation of numbness or tingling
97
peripheral nervous system
the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consisting of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
98
phagocytosis
the process by which certain cells engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris.
99
pia mater
the innermost of the three membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord
100
pineal body
a small cone-shaped structure (located in the diencephalon of the brain) thought to be involved in regulating the body's biological clock and that produces melatonin; also called the pineal gland
101
pineal gland
a small cone-shaped structure (located in the diencephalon of the brain) thought to be involved in regulating the body's biological clock and that produces melatonin; also called the pineal body
102
plexus
a network of interwoven nerves
103
pons
the part of the brain located between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. t acts as a bridge to connect the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain.
104
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four exremities and the trunk of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord at the level of the cervical vertebrae
105
radiculotomy
the surgical resection of a spinal nerve root (a procedure performed to relieve pain); also called a rhizotomy
106
receptor
a sensory nerve ending (i.e., a nerve ending that receives impulses and responds to various types of stimulation).
107
rhizotomy
the surgical resection of a spinal nerve root (a procedure performed to relieve pain); also called a radiculotomy
108
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve; characterized by pain along the course of the nerve, radiating through the thigh and down the back of the leg
109
sensory
pertaining to sensation
110
sensory nerves
transmitters of nerve impulses toward the CNS; also known as afferent nerves
111
shingles
an acute infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, characterized by painful vesicular lesions along the path of a spinal nerve; also called herpes zoster
112
shunt
a tube or passage that diverts or redirects body fluid from one cavity or vessel to another; may be a congenital defect or artificially constructed for the purpose of redirecting fluid
113
somatic nervous system
the part of the PNS that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions
114
stimulus
any agent or factor capable of initiating a nerve impulse
115
stupor
a state of lethargy. the person is unresponsive and seems unaware of his/her surroundings
116
subarachnoid space
the space located just under the arachnoid membrane that contains cerebrospinal fluid
117
subdural space
the space located just beneath the dura mater that contains serous fluid.
118
sulcus
a depression or shallow groove on the surface of an organ
119
sympathetic nerves
nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as increasing the heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and raising the blood pressure.
120
sympathomimetic
copying or producing the same effects as those of the sympathetic nerves; "to mimic" the sympathetic nerves
121
synapse
the space between the end of one nerve and the beginning of another, through which nerve impulses are transmitted.
122
syncope
fainting
123
thalamus
the part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain. The thalamus receives all sensory stimuli, except those of smell and relays them to the cerebral cortex
124
thrombosis
an abnormal condition in which a clot develops in a blood vessel
125
tonic-clonic seizure
a seizure characterized by the presence of muscle contraction or tension followed by relaxation, creating a "jerking" movement of the body.
126
ventricle
a small hollow within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
127
whiplash
an injury to the cervical vertebrae and their supporting structures due to a sudden back-and-forth jerking movement of the head and neck.
128
white matter
the part of the nervous system consisting of axons covered with myelin sheath, giving a white appearance.
129
Alzheimer's disease
deterioration of a person's intellectual functioning. It is progressive and extremely debilitating. It begins with minor memory loss and progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning, frequently occurring in persons over 65 years of age.
130
amyotrophic leteral sclerosis
a severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups, usually beginning with the hands and progressing to the shoulders, upper arms, and legs. It is caused by decreased nerve innervation to the muscle groups
131
.anencephaly
is an absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth, a congenital disorder
132
Bell's palsy
a temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face following trauma to the face, an unknown infection, or a tumor pressing on the facial nerve rendering it paralyzed.
133
brain abscess
is a localized accumulation of pus located anywhere in the brain tissue due to an infectious process - either a primary local infection or an infection secondary to another infectious process in the body (such as bacterial endocarditis, sinusitis, otitis or dental abscess.
134
carpal tunnel syndrome
a pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling to the tendons, causing intermittent or continuous pain that is greatest at night.
135
cerebral concussion
a brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds.
136
cerebral contusion
a small, scattered venous hemorrhage in the brain (or better described as a "bruise" of the brain tissue) occurring when the brain strikes the inner skull.
137
cerebral palsy
a collective term used to describe congenital (at birth) brain damage that is permanent, but not progressive. It is characterized by the child's lack of control of voluntary muscles.
138
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
involves death of a specific portion of brain tissue, resulting from a decrease in blood flow (ischemia) to that area of the brain; also called stroke
139
degenerative disk
the deterioration of the intervertebral disk, usually due to constant motion and wear on the disk.
140
encephalitis
the inflammation of the brain or spinal cord tissue largely caused by a virus that enters the CNS when the person experiences a viral disease such as measles or mumps or through the bite of a mosquito or tick
141
epilepsy
a syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular electrical activity of brain resulting in involuntary muscle movements called seizures.
142
grand mal seizure
an epileptic seizure characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and by generalized involuntary muscular contraction, vacillating between rigid body extension and an alternating contracting and relaxing of the muscles
143
petit mal seizure
a small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousness lasting only a few seconds; also known as an absence seizure
144
Guillain-Barre syndrome
acute polyneuritis ("inflammation of many nerves") of the PNS in which the myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness, which usually follows a viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection
145
headache
involves pain (varying in intensity from mild to severe) anywhere within the cranial cavity. It may be chronic or acute and may occur as a result of a disease process or e totally benign.
146
migraine headache
a recurring, pulsating, vascular headache usually developing on one side of the head. It is characterized by a slow onset that my be preceded by an aura, during which a sensory disturbance occurs such as confusion or some visual interference (e.g., flashing lights).
147
cluster headache
occurs typically two to three hours after falling asleep; described as extreme pain around one eye that wakens the person from sleep.
148
tension headache
occurs from long, endured contraction of the skeletal muscles around the face, scalp, upper back, and neck.
149
hematoma, epidural
a collection of blood located above the dura mater and just below the skull
150
hematoma, subdural
a collection of blood below the dura mater and above the arachnoid layer of the meninges.
151
herniated disk
a rupture or herniation of the disk center (nucleus pulposus) through the disk wall into the spinal canal, causing pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
152
Huntington's chorea
an inherited neurological disease characterized by rapid, jerky, involuntary movements and increasing dementia due to the effects of the basal ganglia on the neurons.
153
hydrocephalus
an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes the ventricle of the brain to dilate, resulting in an increased head circumference in the infant with open fontanel(s); a congenital disorder.
154
metastatic intracranial tumors (secondary)
occur as a result of metastasis from a primary site such as the lung or breast. they occur more frequently than primary neoplasms.
155
meningitis (acute bacterial)
a serious bacterial infection of the meninges - the covering of the brain and spinal cord - that can have residual debilitating effects or even a fatal outcome if not diagnosed and treated promptly with appropriate antibiotic therapy
156
multiple sclerosis
a degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord and brain leaving it sclerosed (hardened) or scarred and interrupting the flow of nerve impulses.
157
myasthenia gravis
a chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder causing severe skeletal mfuscle weakness (without atrophy) and fatigue, which occurs at different levels of severity.
158
neuroblastoma
a highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system
159
Parkinson's disease
a degenerative, slowly progressive deterioration of nerves in the brain stem's motor system characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms such as a stooped posture with the body flexed forward; a bowed head; a shuffling gait; pill-rolling gestures; an expressionless, masklike facial appearance; muffled speech; and swallowing difficulty.
160
peripheral neuritis
a general term indicating inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves, the effects being dependent on the particular nerve involved.
161
poliomeylitis
an infectious viral disease entering through the upper respiratory tract and affecting the ability of spinal cord and brain motor neurons to receive stimulation. Muscles affected become paralyzed without the motor nerve stimulation (i.e., respiratory paralysis requires ventilatory support.)
162
pospolio syndrome
progressive weakness occurring at least 30 years after the initial poliomyelitis attack.
163
Reye's syndrome
an acute brain encephalopathy along with fatty infiltration of the internal organs that may follow acute viral infections; occurs in children between 5 and 11, often with a fatal result. There are confirmed studies linking the onset of to aspirin administration during a viral illness
164
shingles
an acute viral infection seen mainly in adults who have had chicken pox, characterized by inflammation of the underlying spinal or cranial nerve pathway (producing painful vesicular eruptions on the skin along these nerve pathways).
165
skull fracture (depressed)
a broken segment of the skull bone thrust into the brain as a result of a direct force, usually a blunt object
166
Spina bifida cystica
a congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed normally and a cyst protrudes through the opening in the back, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar or first sacral vertebrae.
167
meningocele
a cystlike sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protruding through the bony defect in the vertebrae containing meninges and CSF
168
meningomyelocele
a cystlike sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protruding through the bony defect in the vertebrae that contains meninges, CSF and spinal cord segments
169
spina bifida occulta
a congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed. A dimpling over the area may occur.
170
spinal cord injuries
severe injuries to the spinal cord, such as vertebral dislocation or vertebral fractures, resulting in impairment of spinal cord function below the level of the injury.
171
paraplegia
(paralysis of the lower extremities) is caused by severe injury to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar region, resulting in loss of sensory and motor control below the level of injury.
172
quadriplegia
follows severe trauma to the spinal cord between the fifth and seventh cervical vertebrae, generally resulting in loss of motor and sensory function below the level of injury.
173
Tay-Sachs disease
a congenital disorder caused by altered lipid metabolism, resulting from enzyme deficiency.
174
trigeminal neuralgia
short periods of severe unilateral pain, which radiates along the fifth cranial nerve
175
Babinski's reflex
can be tested by stroking the sole of the foot beginning at midheel and moving upward and lateral t the toes. A positive occurs when there is dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the other toes.
176
brain scan
a brain scan is a nuclear counter scanning of cranial content two hours after an intravenous injection of radioisotopes
177
cerebral angiography
visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray after the injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel (carotid, femoral or brachial)
178
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture is analyzed for the presence of bacteria, blood, or malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present
179
CT of the brain
analysis of a three-dimensional view of brain tissue obtained as X-ray beams pass through successive horizontal layers of the brain
180
chordotomy
a neurosurgical procedure for pain control accomplished through a laminectomy, in which there is surgical interference of pathways within the spinal cord that control pain.
181
cisternal puncture
involves insertion of a short, beveled spinal needle into the cisterna magna (a shallow reservoir of CSF between the medulla and the cerebellum) to drain CSF or to obtain a CSF specimen.
182
craniotomy
a surgical procedure that makes an opening into the skull
183
echoencephalography
Ultrasound used to analyze the intracranial structures of the brain
184
electroencephalography (EEG)
measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain and recorded through electrodes place don the scalp
185
electromyography
is the process of recording the electrical activity of muscle by inserting a small needle into the muscle and delivering a small current that stimulates the muscle
186
laminectomy
the surgical removal of the bony arches from one or more of the vertebrae to relive pressure on the spinal cord
187
lumbar puncture
involves the insertion of a hollow needle and stylet into the subarachnoid space, generally between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae below the level of the spinal cord under strict aseptic technique
188
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue and bony structures without the use of radiation
189
myelography
the introduction of contrast medium into the lumbar subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture to visualize the spinal cord and vertebral canal through X-ray examination.
190
neurectomy
a neurosurgical procedure to relieve pain in a localized or small area by incision of cranial or peripheral nerves.
191
pneumoencephalography
used to visualize radiographically one of the ventricles or fluid-occupying spaces in the CNS.
192
polysomnogram
a sleep study or sleep test that evaluates physical factors affecting sleep. Physical activity and level of sleep are monitored by a technician while the patient sleeps.
193
positron emission tomography (PET)
scan produces computerized radiographic images of various body structures when radioactive substances are inhaled or injected.
194
Romberg test
used to evaluate cerebellar function and balance
195
stereotaxic neurosurgery
performed on a precise location of an area within the brain that controls specific function(s) and may involve destruction of brain tissue with various agents such as heat, cold, and sclerosing or corrosive fluids.
196
sympathectomy
a surgical procedure used to interrupt a portion of the sympathetic nerve pathway for the purpose of relieving chronic pain
197
tractotomy
involves a craniotomy, through which the anterolateral pathway in the brain stem is surgically divided in an attempt to relieve pain.
198
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
a form of cutaneous stimulation for pain relief that supplies electrical impulses to the nerve endings of a nerve close to the pain site.
199
ACTH
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
200
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
201
ANS
autonomic nervous system
202
CAT
computerized axial tomography
203
CNS
central nervous system
204
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
205
CT
computed tomography
206
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
207
EEG
electroencephalogram
208
EMG
electromyography
209
EST
electric shock therapy
210
ICP
intracranial pressure
211
LOC
level of consciousness
212
LP
lumbar puncture
213
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
214
MS
multiple sclerosis
215
MSLT
multiple sleep latency test
216
NCS
nerve conduction study
217
NPH
normal-pressure hydrocehalus
218
NREM
non-rapid eye movement (stage of sleep)
219
PEG
pneumoencephalogram
220
PET
positron emission tomography
221
PNS
peripheral nervous system
222
PSG
polysomnogram
223
REM
rapid eye movement (stage of sleep)
224
RT
reading test
225
SNS
somatic nervous system
226
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
227
TIA
transient ischemic attack
