Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
articular cartilage
A
thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joints
2
Q
bone depressions
A
concave, indented areas or openings in bones
3
Q
bone markings
A
specific features of individual bones
4
Q
bone processes
A
projections or outgrowth of bones
5
Q
cancellous bone
A
spongy bone, not as dense as compact bone
6
Q
cervical vertebrae
A
vertebrae or bones of the neck, C1 through C7
7
Q
compact bone
A
hard outer shell of the bone
8
Q
condyle
A
knucklelike projection at the end of a bone
9
Q
crest
A
distinct border or ridge
10
Q
diaphysis
A
main shaftlike portion of a bone
11
Q
epiphyseal line
A
a layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone; also known as the epiphyseal plate
12
Q
epiphysis
A
the end of a bone
13
Q
false ribs
A
rib pairs 8 through 10, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but not to the sternum in the front because they join the seventh rib in the front
14
Q
fissure
A
a groove or depression in a bone; a sulcus
15
Q
flat bones
A
bones that are broad and thin with flat or cured surfaces; such as the sternum
16
Q
floating ribs
A
rib pairs 11 and 12, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but are free of any attachment in the front
17
Q
fontanelle
A
space between the bones of an infant’s cranium; “soft spot”
18
Q
foramen
A
hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
19
Q
fossa
A
hallow or concave depression in a bone
20
Q
haversian canals
A
system of small canals within compact one that contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
21
Q
hematopoisis
A
the normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow
22
Q
intercostal spaces
A
spaces between the ribs
23
Q
intervertebral disk
A
a flat, circular, plate-like structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion (or shock absorber) between the vertebrae
24
Q
long bones
A
bones that are longer than they are wide and with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur
25
lumbar vertebrae
the vertebrae of the lower back; L1 through L5
26
medullary cavity
he center portion of the shaft of a long bone containing the yellow marrow
27
ossification
the conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to the bone; formation of bone.
28
osteoblasts
immature bone cells that actively produce boney tissue
29
osteoclasts
large cells that absorb or digest old bone tissue
30
osteocytes
mature bone cells
31
periosteum
the thick, white, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a long bone
32
red bone marrow
the soft, semifluid substance located in the small spaces of cancellous bone that is the source of blood cell production
33
resorption
the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
34
sesamoid bones
irregular bones imbedded in tendons near a join, as in the kneecap
35
short bones
bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box shaped, such as the wrist bone
36
sinus
an opening or hallow space in a bone; a cavity within a bone
37
spine
a sharp projection from the surface of a bone, similar to a crest
38
stenosis
an abnormal condition characterized by a narrowing or restriction of an opening or passageway in a body structure.
39
sulcus
a groove or depression in a bone; a fissure
40
sutures
immovable joints; such as those of the cranium
41
thoracic vertebrae
the 12 vertebrae of the chest; T1 through T12
42
trabeculae
needlelike bony spicules within cancellous one that contribute to the spongy appearance. Their distribution along lines of stress adds to the strength of the bone
43
trochanter
large bony process located below the neck of the femur
44
true ribs
the first seven pairs of ribs, which connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front
45
tubercle
a small rounded process of bone
46
tuberosity
an elevated, broad, rounded process of a bone
47
vertebral foramen
a large opening in the center of each vertebra that serves as a passageway for the spinal cord
48
yellow marrow
located in the diaphysis of long bones, yellow marrow consists of fatty tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
49
osteoporosis
porous bones; bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density
50
osteomalacia
a disease in which the bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood which is necessary for bone mineralization). This disease results in fracture noticeable deformities of the weight bearing bones. When the disease occurs in children, it is called rickets.
51
osteomyelitis
a local or generalized infection of the bone and bone marrow, resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood.
52
Ewing's Sarcoma
a malignant tumor of the ones common to young adults, particularly adolescent boys
53
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from the bone. The most common malignant bone tumor, with common sites being the distal femur (just above the knee), the proximal tibia (just below the knee), and the proximal humerus (just below the shoulder joint).
54
osteochondroma
most common benign bone tumor. The femur and the tibia are most frequently involved.
55
Paget's disease
a non-metabolic disease of the bone, characterized by excessive bone destruction (breakdown of bone tissue by the osteoclasts) and unorganized bone formation by the osteoblasts. The bone is weak and prone to fractures. After symptoms are present, the diseased bone takes on the the characteristic mosaic pattern that can be detected with x-ray or bone scan; also known as osteitis deformans.
56
spinal stenosis
a narrowing of the vertebral canal, nere root canals or intervertebral foramini (openings) of the lumbar spinal canal. The narrowing causes pressure on the nerve roots prior to their exit fro the foramini
57
talipes equinovarus
clubfoot
58
Kyphosis
an abnormal outward curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly known as humpback or hunchback.
59
Lordosis
an abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly known as swayback
60
Scoliosis
an abnormal lateral (sideward) curvature of a portion of the spine. The curvature may be to the left or to the right.
61
fracture
a broken bone; a sudden breaking of a bone
62
closed fracture
a simple fracture. there is a break in a bone, but no open wound in the skin.
63
open fracture
a compound fracture; there is a break in a bone, as well as an open wound in the skin
64
complete fracture
a break that extends throught eh entire thickness of the bone.
65
greenstick fracture
an incomplete fracture; a break that does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone; That is one side of the bone is fractured and one side of the bone is bent.
66
compression fracture
caused by bone surfaces being forced against each other; as in the compression of one vertebra against another. Often associated with osteoporosis.
67
impacted fracture
occurs when a direct force causes the bone to break, forcing the broken end of the smaller bone into the broken end of the larger bone.
68
comminuted fracture
occurs when the force is so great that it splinters or crushes a segment of the bone.
69
Colles' fracture
occurs at the lower wend of the radius, within 1 inch of connecting with the wrist bones.
70
hairline fracture
stress fracture; a minor fracture in which the bone continues to be in perfect alignment. The fracture appears on an X-ray as a very thin "hair line" between two segments. It does not extend through the entire surface of the bone.
71
pathological fracture
occurs when a bone, which is weakened by a preexisting disease, breaks in response to a force that would not cause a normal bone to break.
72
occult fracture
is a fracture that cannot be detected by X-ray until several weeks after the injury (a "hidden" fracture)
73
closed reduction
consists of aligning the bone fragments through manual manipulation or traction without making an incision into the skin.
74
open reduction
consists of realigning the bone under direct observation during surgery.
75
bone scan
involves the intravenous injection of a radioisotope which is absorbed by bone tissue. After approximately 3 hours, the skeleton is scanned with a gamma camera (scanner) moving from one end of the body to the other. The scanner detects the areas of radioactive concentration (areas here the bone absorbs the isotope) and converts the radioactive image to a screen on which the concentrations show up as pinpoint dots cast the image of a skeleton.
76
bone marrow aspiration
the process of removing a small sample of bone marrow from a selected site with a needle for the purpose of examining the specimen under a microscope
77
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
a non-invasive procedure that measures one density. In the DEXA procedure, an X-ray machine generates the energy photons that pass through the bones. A computer then evaluates the amount of radiation absorbed by the bones and the findings are interpreted by a physician.
78
C1, C2, C3,...
cervical vertebra 1, 2, 3, etc.
79
DEXA
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
80
DIP
distal interphalangeal (joint)
81
Fx
fracture
82
L1, L2, L3, ...
lumbar vertebra 1, 2, 3, etc.
83
LLE
left lower extremity
84
LUE
left upper extremity
85
MCP
metacarpophalangeal (joint)
86
MTP
metatarsophalangeal (joint)
87
PIP
proximal interphalangeal (joint)
88
RLE
right lower extremity
89
RUE
right upper extremity
90
S1
sacrum
91
T1, T2, T3, ...
thoracic vertebra 1, 2, 3, etc.
92
THA
total hip arthroplasty
93
THR
total hip replacement
94
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
95
TKR
total knee replacement
96
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
97
internal fixation devices
devices such as screws, pins, wires and nails may be used to internally maintain the bone alignment while healing takes place.
