The Special Senses Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
ambiopia
A
double vision caused by each eye focusing separately; known as diplopia
2
Q
amblyopia
A
reduced vision that is not correctable with lenses and with no obvious pathological or structural cause (“dullness or dimness of vision”.
3
Q
anisocoria
A
inequality in the diameter of the pupils of the eyes.
4
Q
aphakia
A
absence of the lens of the eye
5
Q
aqueous
A
watery
6
Q
Argyll-Robertson pupil
A
a pupil that constricts upon accommodation but no in response to light. This can be due to miosis or advanced neurosyphilis
7
Q
biomicroscopy
A
ophthalamic examination of the eye by use of a slit lamp and a magnifying lens; also known as slit-lamp test.
8
Q
blepharochalasis
A
relaxation of the skin of the eyelid (usually the upper eyelid). The skin may droop over the edge of the eyelid when the eyes are open
9
Q
blepharoptosis (ptosis)
A
drooping of the upper eyelid; occurs when the eyelid partially or entirely covers the eye as a result of a weakened muscle.
10
Q
blepharospasm
A
a twitching of the eyelid muscles; may be due to eyestrain or nervous irritability.
11
Q
conjunctivitis
A
inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye; may be caused by a bacterial infection, a viral infection, allergy, or a response to the environment
12
Q
corneal
A
pertaining to the cornea
13
Q
cyclopegia
A
paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye.
14
Q
dacryoadenitis
A
inflammation of the lacrimal (tear) gland
15
Q
dacryorrhea
A
excessive flow of tears
16
Q
diplopia
A
double vision caused by each eye focusing separately; also called ambiopia
17
Q
ectropion
A
eversion (turning outward) of the edge of the eyelid; “turning out” or eversion of the eyelash margins (especially the lower eyelid) from the eyeball, leading to exposure of the eyelid and eyeball surface and lining.
18
Q
emmetropia
A
a state of normal vision. the eye is at rest and the image is focused direction on the retina.
19
Q
entropion
A
inversion (turning inward) of the edge of the eyelid; “turning in” of the eyelash margins (especially the lower margins), resulting in the sensation similar to that of a foreign body in the eye (redness, tearing, burning, and itching).
20
Q
episcleritis
A
inflammation of the outermost layers of the sclera
21
Q
esotropia
A
an obvious inward turning of one eye in relation to the other eye; also called crosseyes..
22
Q
exotropia
A
an obvious outward turning of one eye in relation to the other eye; also called walleye
23
Q
extraocular
A
pertaining to the outside of the eye
24
Q
floaters
A
one or more spots that appear to drift, or “float” across the visual field.
25
funduscopy
the examination of the fundus of the eye, the base or the deepest part of the eye, with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope through a procedure called ophthalmoscopy.
26
hemianopia
loss of vision, or blindness, in one-half of the visual field.
27
hemianopsia
loss of vision, or blindness, in one-half of the visual field.
28
iridocyclitis
inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye.
29
iritis
inflammation of the iris
30
keratoconjunctivitis
inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva of the eye
31
keratoconus
a cone-shaped protrusion of the center of the cornea, not accompanied by inflammation
32
keratomycosis
a fungal growth present on the cornea
33
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
34
lacrimation
the secretion of tears from the lacrimal glands
35
miosis
abnormal constriction of the pupil of the eyey
36
miotic
an agent that causes the pupil of the eye to constrict.
37
mydriasis
abnormal dilatation of the pupil of the eye
38
mydriatic
an agent that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate
39
nasolacrimal
pertaining to the nose and the lacrimal (tear) ducts.
40
nystagmus
involuntary, rhythmic jerking movements of the eye. These "quivering" movements may be from side to side, up and down, or a combination of both.
41
ophthalmologist
a medical doctor who specializes in the comprehensive care of the eyes and visual system in the prevention and treatment of eye disease and injury. The ophthalmologist is the medically trained specialist who can deliver total eye care and diagnose general disease of the body affecting the eye.
42
ophthalmology
the branch of medicine that specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders of the eye.
43
optic
pertaining to the eyes or to sight.
44
optician
a health professional (not an M.D.) who specializes in filling prescriptions for corrective lenses for glasses or for contact lenses.
45
optometrist
doctor of optometry (O.D.) is responsible for examination of the eye, and associated structures - to determine vision problems. He or she can also prescribe lenses or optical aids
46
palpebral
pertaining to the eyelid
47
papilledema
swelling of the optic disc, visible upon ophthalmoscopic examination of the interior of the eye.
48
phacomalacia
softening of the lens of the eye.
49
photophobia
abnormal sensitivity to light, especially by the eyes.
50
presbyopia
loss of accommodation for near vision; poor near-vision due to the natural aging process.
51
pupillary
pertaining to the pupil of the eye.
52
retinopathy
any disease of the retina
53
sclerectomy
excision, or removal, of a portion of the sclera of the eye.
54
scotoma
an area of depressed vision (blindness) within the usual visual field, surrounded by an area of normal vision.
55
uveitis
inflammation of all of part of the middle vascular layer of the eye, or the uveal tract of the eye, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and the choroid.
56
vitreous
pertaining to the vitreous body of the eye.
57
astigmatism
a refractive error causing light rays entering the eye to be focused irregularly on the retina due to an abnormally shaped cornea or lens
58
blepharitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the eyelid margins stemming from seborrheic, allergic, or bacterial origin.
59
blindness
loss of the sense of sight, or extreme visual limitations.
60
color blindness (monochromatism)
an inability to perceive visual colors sharply.
61
cataract
the lens in the eye becomes progressively cloudy, losing its normal transparency and thus altering the perception of images due to the interference of light transmission to the retina.
62
chalazion
a cyst or nodule on the eyelid, resulting from an obstruction of a meibomian gland, which is responsible for lubricating the margin of the eyelid.
63
conjunctivitis, acute
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front part of the eyeball
64
corneal abrasion
a disruption of the cornea's surface epithelium commonly caused by an eyelash, a small foreign body, contact lenses, or a scratch from a fingernail.
65
diabetic retinopathy
occurs as a consequence of long-term or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in which the tissues of the retina experience scarring due to the following.
66
exophthalmia
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s), usually with the sclera noticeable over the iris; typically due to an expanded volume of the orbital contents.
67
glaucoma
ocular disorders identified as a group due to the increase in intraocular pressure.
68
hordeolum (stye)
bacterial infection of an eyelash follicle or sebaceous glad originating with redness, swelling, and mild tenderness in the margin of the eyelash.
69
hyperopia
a refractive error in which the lens of the eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired close vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused behind the retina because the eyeball is shorter than normal.
70
hyphema (hyphemia)
a bleed into the anterior chamber of the eye, resulting from a postoperative complication or from a blunt eye injury
71
keratitis
corneal inflammation caused by a microorganism, trauma to the eye, a break in the sensory innervation of the cornea, a hypersensitivity reaction, or a tearing defect (may be due to dry eyes or ineffective eyelid closure).
72
macular degeneration
progressive deterioration of the retinal cells in the macular due to agine. Known as senile or age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), this condition is a common and progressive cause of visual deficiency and permanent reading impairment in the adult over 65 years of age.
73
myopia
a refractive error in which the lens of the eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired distant vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused in front of the retina because the eyeball is longer than normal
74
nyctalopia (night blindness)
inadequate vision at night or in faint lighting following reduction in the synthesis of rhodopsin, a compound in the rods of the retina that enables the eye to adjust to low-density light.
75
nystagmus
vertical, horizontal, rotary, or mixed rhythmic involuntary movements of the eye(s) caused by use of alcohol or certain drugs, lesions on the brain or inner ear, congenital abnormalities, nerve injury at birth, or abnormal retinal development. It may not be apparent to the patient.
76
ophthalmia neonatorum
a purulent (contains pus) inflammation of the conjunctiva and/or cornea in the newborn
77
presbyopia
a refractive error occurring after the age of 40, when the lens of the eye(s) cannot focus on an image accurately due to its decreasing loss of elasticity.
78
pterygium
an irregular growth developing as a fold on the conjunctiva, usually on the nasal side of the cornea, that can disrupt vision if it extends over the pupil.
79
retinal detachment
the partial or complete splitting away of the retina from the pigmented vascular layer called the choroid, interrupting vascular supply to the retina and thus creating a medical emergency.
80
retinal tear
an opening in the retina that allows leakage of vitreous humor
81
scleritis
the presence of inflammation in the white, outside covering of the eyeball (the sclera)
82
strabismus
failure of the eyes to gaze in the same direction due to weakness in the muscles controlling the position of one eye. The most common type this is nonparalytic strabismus, an inherited defect in which the eye position of the two eyes has no relationship.
83
synechia
an adhesion in the eye that develops as a complication of trauma or surgery or as a secondary condidtion of one of the following pathological conditions: cataracts, glaucoma, keratitis, uveitis
84
trachoma
an infectious eye disease caused by chlamydia trachomatis, which is chronic and will lead to blindness without effective treatment
85
corneal transplant
surgical transplantation of a donor cornea (cadaver's) into the eye of a recipient, usually under local anethesia
86
electronystagmograpy
a group of tests used in evaluating the vestibulo-ocular reflex
87
electroretinogram (ERG)
a recording of the changes in the electrical potential of the retina after the stimulation of light.
88
extracapsular cataract extraction
surgical removal of the anterior segment of the lens capsule along with the lens, allowing for the insertion of an intraocular lens implant.
89
fluorescein staining
application of a fluorescein-stained sterile filter paper strip mostened with a few drops of sterile saline or sterile anesthetic solution to the lower cul-de-sac of the eye to visualize a corneal abrasion.
90
gonioscopy
the process of viewing the anterior chamber angle of the eye fro evaluation, management, and classification of normal and abnormal angle structures. The examination involves using gonioprism (mirrored contact lens) and a slit-lamp biomicroscope to observe the anterior chamber of the eye (area between the cornea and the iris). The painless examination is used to determine whether the drainage angle of the eye (area where the fluid drains out of the eye) is open or closed.
91
intraocular lens implant
the surgical process of cataract extraction and insertion of an artificial lens in the patient's eye. This restores visual acuity and provides improved depth perception, light refraction, and binocular vision.
92
iridectomy
extraction of a small segment of the iris to open an anterior chamber angle and permit the flow of aqueous humor between the anterior and posterior chambers, thus relieving the person's intraocular pressure.
93
keratoplasty
the transplantation of corneal tissue from one human eye to another to improve vision in the affected eye; also called corneal grafting.
94
Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
procedure is a form of laser vision correction for nearsightedness (myopia)
95
ophthalmoscopy
The examination of the external and internal structures of the eye with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope
96
pachymetry
the measurement of the thickness of the cornea
97
phacoemulsification
a method of removing a lens by using ultrasound vibrations to split up the lens material into tiny particles that can be suctioned out of the eye.
98
photo-refractive keratectomy
a surgical procedure in which a few layers of corneal surface cells are shaved off by an excimer laser beam to flatten the cornea and reduce myopia (nearsightedness)
99
retinal photocoagulation
a surgical procedure that uses an argon laser to treat conditions such as glaucoma, retinal detachment, and diabetic retinopathy
100
slit-lamp exam
the examination of the external and internal structures of the eye, using a low-power microscope combined with a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine as a slit beam; also known as a biomicroscopy
101
tonometry
the process of determining the intraocular pressure by calculating the resistance of the eyeball to an applied force causing indentation.
102
trabeculectomy
the surgical excision of a portion of corneoscleral tissue to decrease the intraocular pressure in persons with severe glaucoma
103
trabeculoplasty
the surgical creation of a permanent fistula used to drain fluid (aqueous humor) from the eye's anterior chamber, usually performed under general anesthesia
104
Acc
accommodation
105
ARMD
age-related macular degeneration
106
cc
with correction (with glasses)
107
ECCE
extracapsular cataract extraction
108
EOM
extraocular movement
109
ERG
electroretinogram
110
ICCE
intracapsular cataract extraction
111
IOL
intraocular lens
112
IOP
intraocular pressure
113
LASIK
laser in situ keratomileusis
114
OD
right eye (ocular dexter)
115
OS
left eye (ocular sinister)
116
OU
each eye (ocular uterque)
117
PEARL
pupils equal and reactive to light
118
PERLA
pupils equal; react to light and accommodation
119
PERRLA
pupils equal; round, react to light, and accommodation
120
PRK
photo-refractive keratectomy
121
REM
rapid eye movement
122
sc
without correction
123
VA
visual acuity
124
VF
visual field
125
acoustic
pertaining to sound or hearing
126
audiogram
a recording of the faintest sounds an individual is able to hear
127
auditory
pertaining to the sense of hearing
128
aural
pertaining to the ear
129
auriculotemporal
pertaining to the ear and the temporal area of the skull
130
barotitis media
inflammation or bleeding of the middle ear caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, as in scuba diving or descent of an airplane (especially when one has a cold or an upper respiratory infection).
131
cochlear
pertaining to a snail-shaped structure within the middle ear
132
labyrinthitis
infection or inflammation of the labyrinth or the inner ear -- specifically, the three semicircular canals in the inner ear, which are fluid-filled chambers and control balance.
133
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid process of the temporal bone; usually an extension of a middle ear infection.
134
myringoplasty
surgical repair of the eardrum with a tissue graft. This procedure is performed to correct hearing loss. Also called tympanoplasty
135
myringotomy
surgical incision into the eardrum. This procedure is performed to relieve pressure or release fluid from the middle ear. Also called tympanotomy. It is usually accompanied by the insertion of a pressure-equalizing tube (PET) into the tympanic membrane to promote drainage of fluid from the middle ear.
136
otalgia
pain in the ear; earache. Also called otodynia
137
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
138
otodynia
pain in the ear; earache. Also called otalgia
139
otomycosis
a fungal infection of the external auditory meatus of the ear.
140
otorrhea
drainage from the ear; usually associated with inflammation of the ear.
141
presbycusis
loss of hearing due to the natural aging process.
142
purulent
containing pus
143
salpingoscope
an instrument used to examine the nasopharynx and the eustachian tube.
144
serous
pertaining to producing serum
145
stapedectomy
surgical removal of the stapes (middle ear) and insertion of a graft and prosthesis
146
tinnitus
a ringing or tinkling noise heard in the ears; may be a sign of injury to the ear, some disease process, or toxic levels of some medications from prolonged use (such as aspirin).
147
tympanoplasty
surgical repair of the eardrum with a tissue graft. This procedure is performed to correct hearing loss. Also called myringoplasty
148
tympanotomy
surgical incision into the eardrum. This procedure is performed to relieve pressure or release fluid from the middle ear. Also called myringotomy. It is usually accompanied by the insertion of a pressure-equalizing tube (PET) into the tympanic membrane to promote drainage of fluid from the middle ear.
149
vertigo
a sensation of spinning around or of having things in the room or area spinning around the person; a result of disturbance of the equilibrium.
150
cholesteatoma
a slow-growing cystic mass made up of epithelial cell debris and cholesterol found in the middle ear
151
deafness, conductive
hearing loss caused by the breakdown of the transmission of sound waves through the middle and/or external ear
152
deafness, sensorineural
hearing loss caused by the inability of nerve stimuli to be delivered to the brain from the inner ear due to damage to the auditory nerve or the cochlea or to lesions of the 8th cranial nerve (auditory)
153
impacted cerumen
an excessive accumulation of the waxlike secretions from the glands of the external ear canal.
154
Meniere's disease
chronic inner ear disease in which there is an overaccumulation of endolymph (fluid in the labyrinth) characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, feeling of pressure or fullness in the affected ear, and tinnitus; usually unilateral, but occurs bilaterally in about 10 to 20% of patients.
155
otitis extreme (OE)
inflammation of the outer or external ear canal; also called "swimmer's ear". this inflammation is produced from growth of bacteria or fungi in the external ear. In addition to the occurrence after swimming, it can develop due to conditions such as psoriasis or seborrhea, injury to the ear canal when trying to scratch or clean it with a foreign object, and frequent use of earphones or earplugs.
156
otitis media, acute (AOM)
a middle ear infection, which predominately affects infants, toddlers, and preschoolers
157
serous otitis media (SOM)
a collection of clear fluid in the middle ear that may follow acute otitis media or be due to an obstruction of the eustachian tube.
158
suppurative otitis media
a purulent collection of fluid in the middle ear, causing the person to experience pain (possibly severe), an elevation in temperature, dizziness, decreased hearing, vertigo, and tinnitus; also called acute otitis media
159
otosclerosis
a condition in which the footplate of the stapes becomes immobile and secured to the oval window, resulting in hearing loss.
160
perforation of the tympanic membrane
rupture of the tympanic membrane or eardrum.
161
audiometry
the process of measuring how well an individual hears various frequencies of sound waves.
162
otoscopy
the use of an otoscope to view and examine the tympanic membrane and various parts of the outer ear.
163
tuning fork test (Rinne test)
an examination that compares bone conduction and air conduction
164
tuning fork test (Weber test)
an examination used to evaluate auditory acuity and to discover whether a hearing deficit is a conductive loss or sesorineural loss
165
otoplasty
removal of a portion of ear cartilage to bring the pinna and auricle nearer the head
166
stapedectomy
microsurgical removal of the stapes diseased by otosclerosis, typically under local anesthesia
167
hearing aids
devices that amplify sound to provide more precise perception and interpretation of words communicated to the individual with a hearing deficit.
168
ABLB
alternate binaural louness balance
169
ABR
auditory brain stem response
170
AC
air conduction
171
AD
right ear (auris dextra)
172
AS
left ear (auris sinistra)
173
AOM
acute otitis media
174
AU
each ear (auris unitas)
175
BC
bone conduction
176
BOM
bilateral otitis media
177
COM
chronic otitis media
178
dB
decibel
179
EENT
ears, eyes, nose, and throat.
180
ENT
ears, nose, and throat
181
OE
otitis externa
182
PTS
permanent threshold shift
183
SOM
serous otitis media
184
TM
tympanic membrane
185
TTS
temporary threshold shift
