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apex review > Pharmacodynamics > Flashcards

Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacodynamics is the study of:
a. plasma concentration and effect-site concentration
b. drug dose and plasma concentration
c. effect site concentration and clinical effect
d. tissue concentration and efficacy

A

c. effect site concentration and clinical effect

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics describes the relationship between

A

the effect-site concentration and the clinical effect

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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics describes the relationship between

A

drug dose and plasma concentration

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4
Q

Pharmacobiophasics unites PK and PD by examining the relationship between

A

plasma concentration and effect-site concentration

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5
Q

__________ explains “what the body does to the drug”

A

Pharmacokinetics

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6
Q

__________ explains “what the drug does to the body”

A

Pharmacodynamics

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7
Q

Pharmacokinetics includes these 4 processes.

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

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8
Q

On the dose-response curve, the x-axis correlates with:
a. individual variability
b. efficacy
c. percentage of receptors occupied
d. potency

A

d. potency

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9
Q

_________ is the dose required to achieve a given clinical effect.

A

Potency

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10
Q

_______ is depicted on the x-axis of a dose-response curve.

A

Potency

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11
Q

________ is the intrinsic ability of a drug to elicit a given clinical effect.

A

Efficacy

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12
Q

_______ is depicted on the y-axis of a dose-response curve.

A

Efficacy

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13
Q

The ________ tells us how many receptors must be occupied to elicit a clinical effect.

A

slope

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14
Q

We can compare the dose-response curves from multiple patients to learn about the ________ of each patient.

A

individual variability

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15
Q

The dose-response curve illustrates the relationship between

A

the drug dose and its clinical effects

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16
Q

The ______ & _______ are measures off potency.

A

ED50 & ED90

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17
Q

ED50 & ED90 represent the

A

dose required to achieve a given effect in 50% and 90% of the population, respectively

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18
Q

Once a drug reaches maximum efficacy, additional administration of the drugs increases

A

the risk of toxicity

19
Q

Individual variability is defined as

A

differences between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between patients

20
Q

Potency is affected by the

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and receptor affinity

21
Q

A higher plateau implies a ______ efficacy, while a lower plateau reflects a ______ efficacy

A

higher; lower

22
Q

A steep slope implies that

A

most of the receptors must be occupied before we observe the clinical response

23
Q

These drugs have a steep slope

A

neuromuscular blockers & volatile anesthetics

24
Q

A ______ instructs the receptor to produce its maximal response.

A

A full agonist

25
Q

Examples of a full agonist include

A

norepinephrine, dopamine, propofol, and alfentanil

26
Q

A _____ is only capable of partially activating a cellular response.

A

Partial agonist

27
Q

An example of a partial agonist includes

A

nalbuphine

28
Q

A ______ binds to a receptor and prevents an agonist from binding to it.

A

antagonist

29
Q

________ antagonism is reversible.

A

Competetive

30
Q

Examples of competitive antagonism include

A

atropine & nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers

31
Q

_________ antagonism is not reversible.

A

Noncompetitive

32
Q

Examples of noncompetitive antagonism include

A

aspirin & phenoxybenzamine

33
Q

A _______ binds to the receptor and causes an opposite effect to that of a full agonist.

A

inverse agonist

34
Q

An example of an inverse agonist includes

A

propranolol

35
Q

Describe how drugs can react when administered together.

A

synergism
addition
otentiation
antagonism

36
Q

Describe synergism.

A

1+1= 3

37
Q

Describe addition.

A

1+1=2

38
Q

Describe potentiation.

A

1+0=3
effect of one drug is enhanced by a drug that has no effect of its own

39
Q

Describe antagonism.

A

1+1=0
simultaneous administration of one drug negates the effect of a second drug like giving fentanyl and naloxone at the same time

40
Q

A full agonist instructs the receptor to

A

produce its maximal response

41
Q

Different drugs may produce the same clinical effect, but each may require a different dose to do so. This is a difference in

A

potency.

42
Q

Continuous administration of an agonist may cause

A

down-regulation of the target receptors

43
Q

A partial agonist may also be referred to as an

A

agonist-antagonist

44
Q

Continuous administration of an antagonist may cause

A

up-regulation of the target receptors

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