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Apex Review > Cardiac rhythm monitors & equipment > Flashcards

Cardiac rhythm monitors & equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Which pathway depolarizes the left atrium?
a. Thorel tract
b. Bachmann bundle
c. Kent bundle
D. Wenckebach tract

A

b. Bachmann bundle

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2
Q

There are _________ internodal tracts that travel from the SA node to the AV node

A

3:
anterior internodal tract
middle internodal tract
posterior internodal tract

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3
Q

The anterior internodal tract gives rise to the

A

Bachmann bundle

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4
Q

The middle internodal tract gives rise to the

A

Wenckebach tract

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5
Q

The posterior internodal tract gives rise to the

A

Thorel tract

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6
Q

Conduction velocities of the cardiac conduction pathway from slowest to fastest are

A

AV node
SA node
myocardial muscle cells
His bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

There’s a band of connective tissues that electrically isolates the

A

atria from the ventricles making the AV node the gatekeeper of electrical impulses into the ventricle

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8
Q

The SA & AV nodes conduct at

A

0.02-0.10 m/sec

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9
Q

The myocardial muscle cells conduct at

A

0.3-1 m/sec

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10
Q

The His bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers conduct at

A

1-4 m/sec

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11
Q

Conduction velocity is a function of

A

resting membrane potential
amplitude of the action potential
rate of change in membrane potential during phase O

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12
Q

Conduction velocity is affected by:

A

ANS tone
Hyperkalemia induce closure of fast Na+ channels
Ischemia
acidosis
antiarrhythmic drugs

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13
Q

The James fiber accessory pathway is

A

atrium to AV node

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14
Q

The Atrio-hisian fiber accessory pathway is

A

atrium to His bundle

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15
Q

The Kent’s bundle accessory pathway is

A

atrium to ventricle

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16
Q

The Mahaim bundle accessory pathway is

A

AV node to ventricle

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17
Q

Key components of the EKG include

A

P wave
PR-interval
QRS complex
ST segment
T wave

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18
Q

What happens at the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization begins

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19
Q

What happens at the PR interval?

A

atrial depolarization complete

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20
Q

What happens at the QRS complex?

A

atrial repolarization + ventricular depolarization

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21
Q

What happens at the ST-segment?

A

ventricular depolarization complete

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22
Q

What happens at the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization begins

23
Q

___________ can cause PR-interval depression

A

Pericarditis

24
Q

Peaked T waves can be caused by

A

myocardial ischemia
hyperkalemia
left ventricular hypertrophy
intracranial bleeding

25
Q

Q waves suggest myocardial infarction if the amplitude is _____________, duration is _________-, or depth is ___________

A

greater than 1/3rd of the R wave; duration is greater than 0.04 seconds, or depth is greater than 1 mm

26
Q

What is used as a reference point for measuring ST elevation and depression?

A

the PR segment b/c it is an isoelectric line

27
Q

By measuring the ______, we can quantify the amount of ST elevation and depression. As a rule, changes greater than _____– or less than _________ are significant.

A

J point; +1.0 or less than -1.0

28
Q

Hypokalemia causes an

A

increased PR interval, increased QT interval, T wave flattening and a U wave

29
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

peaked T waves, P wave flattening, PR prolongation, QRS prolongation, sine wave pattern, and ventricular fibrillation

30
Q

Hypercalcemia is associated with

A

a short QT interval

31
Q

Hypocalcemia is associated with a

A

long QT interval

32
Q

Hypermagnesemia is associated with

A

heart block and cardiac arrest

33
Q

Hypomagnesemia is associated with a

A

long QT interval (risk of torsades de points)

34
Q

T wave points in opposite direction of QRS if repolarization is prolonged by

A

myocardial ischemia
bundle branch block

35
Q

This may occur with hypothermia

A

Osborn wave- small positive deflection immediately after the QRS complex

36
Q

Duration of the P wave is

A

0.08-0.12

37
Q

Duration of the PR interval is

A

0.12-0.20

38
Q

Duration of the Q wave is

A

<0.04

39
Q

Duration of the QRS complex is

A

<0.10

40
Q

Duration of the QTC interval is

A

<0.47

41
Q

The ____________ is the average current flow of all action potentials at a given point in time

A

The mean electrical vector

42
Q

A positive deflection in the EKG occurs when the vector of depolarization travels

A

towards positive electrode

43
Q

A negative deflection in the EKG occurs when the vector of depolarization travels

A

away from a positive electrode

44
Q

___________________ on the EKG occurs when the vector of depolarization travels perpendicular to a positive electrode

A

A biphasic deflection

45
Q

The bipolar leads include

A

I, II, III

46
Q

The limb leads include

A

aVR, aVL, aVF

47
Q

The precordial leads include

A

V1-V6

48
Q

Inferior heart leads include

A

II, III, aVF

49
Q

Inferior heart leads correspond to the

A

right coronary artery

50
Q

Left lateral heart leads include

A

I, aVL, V5, V6

51
Q

Left lateral heart leads correspond to the

A

circumflex artery

52
Q

Anterior heart leads include

A

V1-V4

53
Q

Anterior heart leads correspond to the

A

left coronary artery

Apex Review (224 decks)

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