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Apex Review > Fluids, Electrolytes, & acid-base > Flashcards

Fluids, Electrolytes, & acid-base Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma volume of a 70-kg male?
a. 3 L
b. 5 L
c. 7 L
d. 9 L

A

a. 3 L

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2
Q

TBW in an adult is

A

42 L

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3
Q

How much of total body weight is intracellular volume?

A

40% or 28 L

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4
Q

What are the major ions of intracellular volume?

A

K+, Mg2+, phosphate

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5
Q

How much of total body weight is extracellular volume?

A

20% or 14 L

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6
Q

What are the major ions of extracellular volume?

A

Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-

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7
Q

How much of total body weight does interstital fluid make up?

A

16% or 11 L

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8
Q

How much of total body weight does plasma fluid make up?

A

4% or 3 L

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9
Q

_______- have the highest TBW.

A

Neonates

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10
Q

The following have the lowest total body weight:

A

females
the elderly
obese

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11
Q

_________ dictates the passive exchange of water between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid.

A

Starling forces

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12
Q

_____________ forms a protective layer on the interior wall of the blood vessel. Disruption of this contributes to ____________

A

endothelial glycocalyx; capillary leak

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13
Q

The _____________ is a fluid scavenger that removes fluid, protein, bacteria, and debris that has entered the interstitium

A

Lymphatic system

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14
Q

Edema occurs when the rate

A

of interstitial fluid accumulation exceeds the rate of removal by the lymphatic system

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15
Q

What is the rule of total body water?

A

60/40/20 (15/5)
60%- water represents 60% of total body weight
40% of TBW is intracellular fluid
20% is extracellular fluid
15% is interstitial fluid
5% is plasma fluid

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16
Q

Forces that move fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space include

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure
interstitial oncotic pressure

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17
Q

Forces that move fluid from the interstitial space into the capillary include

A

interstitial hydrostatic pressure
capillary oncotic pressure

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18
Q

Conditions that impair the integrity of the glycocalyx include

A

sepsis
ischemia
DM
major vascular surgery

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19
Q

Blood volume is the sums of

A

plasma volume and blood cell volume

20
Q

The hematocrit is the fraction of blood volume that is occupied by

A

erythrocytes

21
Q

Hematocrit is increased by

A

an increased number of RBCs or a decreased plasma volume (hypovolemia)

22
Q

Fluid that accumulates in a potential space is called

A

an effusion

23
Q

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane is

A

osmosis

24
Q

The number of osmoles per kilogram of solution is

A

osmolality

25
Q

The number of osmoles per liter of solution is

A

osmolarity

26
Q

The pressure of a solution against a semipermeable membrane that prevents water from diffusing across that membrane is

A

osmotic pressure

27
Q

Water travels from areas of ________- to areas of ____________

A

lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration

28
Q

____________ is the net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a fully permeable membrane

A

Diffusion

29
Q

Osmotic pressure is NOT a function of

A

their molecular weights

30
Q

________ is the number of osmotically active particles in a solution

A

An osmole

31
Q

Calculate the plasma osmolarity.
Sodium= 150 mEq/L
Glucose= 108 g/dL
BUN 14 mg/dL

A

311 mOsm/L
Plasma osmolarity= (Na+ x 2) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)

32
Q

Normal plasma osmolarity is

A

280-290 mOsm/L

33
Q

The most important determinant of plasma osmolarity is

A

sodium

34
Q

Conditions that increase osmolarity include

A

hypernatremia
hyperglycemia
uremia

35
Q

What is the equation to calculate plasma osmolarity?

A

Plasma osmolarity= 2[Na+] + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8

36
Q

Rank the tonicity for each fluid from highest to lowest:
NaCl 3%
D5W
D5 + NaCl 0.45%
Albumin 5%

A

NaCl 3%, D5 + NaCl 0.45%, Albumin 5%, D5W

37
Q

__________ solutions have an osmolarity lower than the plasma

A

hypotonic

38
Q

__________ solutions have an osmolarity roughly equal to the plasma

A

Isotonic

39
Q

____________ solutions have an osmolarity higher than the plasma

A

Hypertonic

40
Q

Tonicity compares the

A

osmolarity of a solution relative to the osmolarity of the plasma

41
Q

Hypotonic solutions will cause the cell to

A

swell

42
Q

Hypertonic solutions will cause the cell to

A

shrink

43
Q

Examples of hypotonic solutions include

A

NaCl 0.45%
D5W

44
Q

Examples of isotonic solutions include

A

NaCl 0.9%
LR
plasmalyte A
albumin 5%
voluven 6%
hespan 6%

45
Q

Examples of hypertonic solutions include

A

NaCl 3%
D5 NaCl 0.9%
D5 NaCl 0.45%
D5 LR
Dextran 10%

46
Q

NaCl can cause ___________ if it is given in large amounts

A

hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

Apex Review (224 decks)

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