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Apex Review > Cellular communication > Flashcards

Cellular communication Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of positive feedback control in the human body include (select 3):
a. generation of an action potential
b. PaCO2 regulation
c. coagulation cascade
d. core temperature
e. serum glucose concentration
f. childbirth

A

a. generation of an action potential
c. coagulation cascade
f. childbirth

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2
Q

________________ is a steady-state condition that comes with a price- it requires energy to maintain the system

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

A control system must be able to do 4 things:

A

sense the vital parameter
compare the input signal with the set point
multiply the error signal
adjust the vital parameter

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4
Q

____________ reverse a disturbance in some factors and lead to stability

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

______________ enhance or accelerate a disturbance in some factor and usually lead to instability

A

Positive feedback systems

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6
Q

Examples of beneficial positive feedback are

A

childbirth
the blood coagulation cascade
the generation and propagation of an action potential

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7
Q

Which method of cell signaling occurs when a cell responds to a chemical signaling molecule that the cell itself produced and secreted?
a. endocrine signaling
b. paracrine signaling
c. neurotransmitter signaling
d. autocrine signaling

A

d. autocrine signaling

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8
Q

The intracellular response to extracellular signals is called

A

cell signaling

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9
Q

Cell signaling allows cells to

A

communicate with one another

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10
Q

The conversion of information into a chemical change is called

A

signal transduction, a universal property of living cells

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11
Q

Information arrives at cells in these four forms:

A

purely physical (energy)
chemical
cellular
extracellular matrix molecules

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12
Q

Examples of purely physical forms include

A

light, sound, heat, pressure, electricity

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13
Q

Examples of chemical forms include

A

neurotransmitters
hormones
eicosanoids
drugs
toxins

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14
Q

Examples of cellular forms include:

A

gap junctions

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15
Q

Examples of extracellular matrix molecules include

A

collage (think of platelet adhesion), integrins, laminin

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16
Q

There are three main methods of intracellular communication:

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

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17
Q

Describe endocrine cell signaling.

A

A signaling molecule (i.e. a hormone) is secreted by an endocrine cell and transported through the circulation where it acts on a distant target cell

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18
Q

________________ is a specific type of endocrine signaling where a neuron is the source of the hormone secreted into the blood

A

neuroendocrine cell signaling

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19
Q

Describe paracrine signaling.

A

a chemical signaling molecule is released by one cell and acts locally to regulate the behavior of a neighboring cell

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20
Q

Describe autocrine signaling.

A

A cell responds to a signaling molecule that is also produced

21
Q

Think of _____ as talking to your friends and family around the country on a mobile phone, ______________ as talking directly to your neighbors, and ________________ signaling as talking to yourself

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

22
Q

Autocoid typically refers to

A

local hormones

23
Q

Neurotransmitter signaling is a specific form of which type of cell communication method?

A

paracrine

24
Q

A chemical molecule that binds to a receptors and initiates a cellular response is called a:
a. second messenger
b. transducer
c. ligand
d. kinase

A

c. ligand

25
Q

Signal transduction has the following 6 characteristics:

A

specificity and sensitivity
amplification
integration
feedback
compartmentalization
desensitization

26
Q

The flow of information in a signal transduction sequence follows

A

orderly pathways

27
Q

There are six processes in signal transduction sequences (with occasional exceptions):

A
  1. recognition
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. modulation
  5. response
  6. termination
28
Q

What are the four categories or types of receptor-based signal transducers:

A
  1. transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
  2. transmembrane gated ion channels
  3. transmembrane enzyme linked receptors
  4. soluble nuclear (intracellular) receptors
29
Q

Bonds ordered from weakest to strongest:

A

van der Waals< hydrophobic < hydrogen< ionic < covalent

30
Q

Amplification is when

A

a small signal produces a disproportionately larger effect

31
Q

The ability of a signal-transducing system to receive multiple signals and produce a unified response appropriate to the cell’s needs is

A

integration

32
Q

___________ occurs when a signal is present continuously.

A

Desensitization

33
Q

A general term for any chemical that binds to a receptor is

A

“ligand” or first messenger

34
Q

Transduction is the generation of

A

a second messenger or the activation of a catalytic cascade

35
Q

What chemical messengers are derived from arachidonic acid? (select 3)
a. prostaglandins
b. thyroxine
c. aldosterone
d. leukotrienes
e. dopamine
f. anandamide

A

a. prostaglandins
d. leukotrienes
f. anandamide

36
Q

Most chemical signals fall into four categories of molecules:

A
  1. small hydrophilic molecules
  2. lipophilic molecules
  3. peptides and proteins
  4. others
37
Q

The following messengers are not stored in vesicles:

A

lipophilic
purine
gas
endocannabinoid

38
Q

Chemical messenger molecules bind to either

A

cell-surface receptors or intracellular receptors

39
Q

Small hydrophilic chemical messengers can be broken up into 4 subclasses:

A

amino acids (glycine, glutamate, GABA, aspartate)
biogenic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine)
choline esters (acetylcholine)
iodothyronines (Thyroxine T4, Triiodothyronine T3)

40
Q

Characteristics of small, hydrophilic chemical messengers include:

A

polar molecules that are ionized
don’t cross plasma membranes
stored in vesicles in the cells that synthesized them
typically released by exocytosis (T4 & T3 are the exceptions)

41
Q

The following are derived from tyrosine:

A

dopamine
NE
epi
iodothyronines

42
Q

_________ & __________________- can be interconverted

A

GABE & glutamate

43
Q

Subclasses of lipophilic chemical messengers include

A

steroids (aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, progesterone, estrogens)
eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes)
miscellaneous (vitamin D3, retinoids)

44
Q

Steroids are derived from

A

cholesterol & maintain the cholesterol rings structure

45
Q

Steroids circulate in the

A

blood bound to a protein

46
Q

Steroids ______________ through the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes

A

diffuse

47
Q

Steroids are _____________ in the producing cells

A

not stored

48
Q

Steroids bind to receptors in the

A

cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

Apex Review (224 decks)

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