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Apex Review > Cellular communication 3 > Flashcards

Cellular communication 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three downstream effectors that produce second messengers?

A
  1. adenylyl cyclase
  2. phospholipase C
  3. Phospholipase A2
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2
Q

Adenylyl cyclase stimulates

A

cAMP

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3
Q

Phospholipase C stimulates

A

IP3 and diacylglycerol

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4
Q

Phospholipase A2 stimulates

A

eicosanoids (20-carbon lipid mediators)

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5
Q

cAMP plays a key role in the regulation of

A

intracellular signal transduction

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6
Q

Second messenger effects are

A

tissue-specific
for example, cAMP may cause a response in one cell type but a completely different response in another

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7
Q

The intracellular effects of cAMP are mediated by the enzyme

A

cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA

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8
Q

IP3 is a second messenger that leads to

A

Ca+2 release from intracellular storage sites

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9
Q

Many downstream signaling events mediated by Ca+2 are modulated by a

A

Ca+2 sensing and binding protein, calmodulin (CaM)

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10
Q

What activates phospholipase C?

A

Gq,11 with Ca2+

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11
Q

Phospholipase A2 is a Ca2+ dependent enzyme that liberates _____________- from the cell membrane

A

arachidonic acid

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12
Q

What three families of lipid signaling molecules is arachidonic acid the precursor of?

A

prostaglandins & thromboxanes
leukotrienes
HETEs and EETs

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13
Q

Prostanoids, leukotrienes, HETEs, and EETs are collectively called

A

eicosanoids

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14
Q

Phosphates catalyze the removal of

A

phosphate groups from their substrate

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15
Q

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of a protein acts as

A

a molecular switch On/OFF

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16
Q

Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits causes

A

dissociation of the catalytic subunits

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17
Q

The catalytic subunits of PKA are

A

serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases

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18
Q

Phosphorylation of Ser and The residues by PKA alters

A

protein function and cellular effects

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19
Q

The action of cAMP is terminated by

A

phosphodiesterases

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20
Q

the action of protein kinases is terminated by

A

protein phosphates

21
Q

DAG and Ca2+ activate

A

protein kinase C

22
Q

Protein kinase C is involved in many cellular functions including

A

receptor desensitization
modulating membrane structure events
regulating transcription
mediating immune responses
regulating cell growth
learning and memory

23
Q

The action of DAG is terminated when the molecule is

A

recycled into new phospholipids

24
Q

IP3 is a second messenger that liberates

A

Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites

25
Q

Ca2+ signals are terminated by

A

ATP dependent processes:
Ca2+ is pumped out of the cell
Ca2+ is returned to the endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

The action of IP3 is terminated when the molecule is

A

recycled into new phospholipids

27
Q

Unlike other second messengers, _____________ is NOT synthesized, liberated from a precursor molecule, or activated by enzymes

A

calcium

28
Q

Calcium’s action is terminated by

A

removal from the cytoplasm by pumps and transporters to terminate its action

29
Q

The active Ca2+/CAM complex has a wide range of downstream targets including

A

NO synthase
Ca2+/CAM-dependent protein kinases (e.g. myosin light-chain kinase)
adenylyl cyclase
cAMP-specific PDE

30
Q

Which two calcium transporters are found in the plasma membrane?

A

the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX)
Ca2+ ATPase (pump, PMCA)

31
Q

What enzyme family catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate?

A

kinases catalyze the addition of a phosphate group to their substrates

32
Q

The two types of synapses in the human body are: (select 2)
a. chemical
b. thermal
c. mechanical
d. electrical

A

a. chemical
d. electrical

33
Q

___________ play a crucial role in action potentials and other electrical behavior of membranes

A

Ion channels

34
Q

Ion channels usually have

A

gated pores

35
Q

An intracellular junction called ____________ helps the nervous system get the right signal to the right place in the body at the right time

A

the synapse

36
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical

37
Q

_______________ are the key proteins of signal transduction at chemical synapses

A

Neurotransmitter receptors

38
Q

Neurotransmitter receptors are transmembrane proteins that are either:

A
  1. ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
  2. coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins (metabotropic receptors)
39
Q

Chemical synapses are

A

polarized (primarily one-way communication)

40
Q

Chemical synapses are comprised of the

A

presynaptic terminal
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane of the target cell

41
Q

Ion channels increase the permeability of the membrane to

A

ions

42
Q

Ion channels exhibit

A

ion selectivity

43
Q

Ion channels usually have

A

gated pores

44
Q

Important signals that open and close the gated pores are:

A

membrane voltage–> voltage-gated ion channels
chemicals–>ligand gated ion channels
pressure–> mechanically gated ion channels

45
Q

Chemical signals are designed to convert _________________ into a ___________________- through the release of neurotransmitters

A

an electrical signal into a chemical signal

46
Q

Chemical synapses communicate messages in

A

one direction from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane

47
Q

Electrical synapses are designed to allow ____________ and ____________- messages to flow directly from

A

electrical & chemical messages to flow directly from one cell to another in a bi-directional fashion

48
Q

At electrical synapses, cells are connected by

A

gap junctions

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