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Apex Review > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

All of the structures reside in the renal cortex EXCEPT the:
a. distal tubule
b. collecting duct
c. glomerulus
d. proximal tubule

A

b. collecting duct

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2
Q

The twin bean-shaped kidneys reside in the

A

retroperitoneal space between the levels of T12 and L3

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3
Q

The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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4
Q

The kidney can be divided into two parts:

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

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5
Q

renal medulla consists of

A

the loops of Henle & collecting ducts

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6
Q

The renal cortex includes

A

the glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
proximal tubules
distal tubules

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7
Q

____________– is an indentation that provides the point of entry and exit for the renal artery, renal vein, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters

A

the hilium

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8
Q

The ___- surrounds the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

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9
Q

The kidney produces (Select 3):
a. calcitriol
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. aldosterone
d. renin
e. erythropoietin
f. angiotensinogen

A

a. calcitriol
d. renin
e. erythropoietin

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10
Q

The kidney has ______ major functions

A

6

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11
Q

The six major functions of the kidney include

A
  1. maintenance of extracellular volume and composition
  2. blood pressure regulation (long- and intermediate-term)
  3. excretion of toxins and metabolites
  4. maintenance of acid-base balance
  5. hormone production (erythropoietin, calcitriol, prostaglandins)
  6. blood glucose homeostasis
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12
Q

__________________ reduces EPO production and leads to chronic anemia

A

Severe kidney disease

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13
Q

The lungs and the kidneys are the primary regulators of _______________ where the lungs excrete ________, and the kidneys excrete ____________

A

acid-base balance; volatile acids (Co2), & the kidneys excrete non-volatile acids

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14
Q

Inadequate oxygen delivery to the kidney causes it to release

A

erythropoietin

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15
Q

Clinical examples that lead to an increase in erythropoietin include

A

anemia
reduced intravascular volume
& hypoxia (high altitude, cardiac & pulmonary failure

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16
Q

Low blood calcium level increases __________ release which increases the ___________ level

A

parathyroid hormone release which increases the serum calcitriol

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17
Q

___________ controls extracellular fluid volume (Na+ and water are reabsorbed together)

A

Aldosterone

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18
Q

________ controls plasma osmolarity (water is reabsorbed, but Na+ is not)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

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19
Q

the kidneys regulate

A

potassium
chloride
phosphate
magnesium
hydrogen
bicarbonate
glucose
urea

20
Q

Long-term control of BP is carried out by the

A

thirst mechanism (intake) and sodium and water excretion (output)

21
Q

Short-term control of BP is carried out by the

A

baroreceptor reflex

22
Q

Intermediate-term control of BP is carried out by the

A

RAAS

23
Q

Renin is produced by the

A

juxtaglomerular cells

24
Q

Aldosterone is synthesized by the

A

adrenal cortex

25
Q

Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion clear the blood of

A

metabolic byproducts, toxins, and drugs

26
Q

The kidneys maintain acid-base balance by titrating hydrogen in the

A

tubular fluid which creates acidic or basic urine

27
Q

______________ vasodilate the renal arteries

A

PGE2 & PGI2

28
Q

_______ constricts the renal arteries

A

thromboxane A2

29
Q

Calcitriol affects the serum Ca2+ level in three ways:

A

stimulates the intestine to absorb Ca2+ from food
instructs the kidney to reduce Ca2+ & phosphate excretion
increases the deposition of Ca2+ into the bone

30
Q

Which statement BEST describes the pathway of blood through the kidney?
a. glomerular capillary bed> afferent arteriole> peritubular capillary bed> efferent arteriole
b. glomerulus> proximal tubule> loop of Henle> distal tubule > collecting duct
c. afferent arteriole> efferent arteriole> glomerular capillary bed > peritubular capillary bed
d. afferent arteriole> glomerular capillary bed> efferent arteriole> peritubular capillary bed

A

d. Afferent> glomerular> efferent> peritubular

31
Q

The kidneys receive _________ of the cardiac output

A

20-25%

32
Q

Renal blood flow is directly proportional to the difference between

A

MAP & renal venous pressure

33
Q

Renal blood flow is inversely proportional to

A

renal vascular resistance

34
Q

_____________ maintains renal blood flow within a wide range of systemic blood pressures (MAP 50-180 mmHg)

A

autoregulation

35
Q

Key contributors of renal autoregulation include

A

myogenic mechanism*
tubuloglomerular feedback* (two most important)
RAAS
atrial natriuretic peptide
prostaglandins
autonomic tone

36
Q

Of the blood delivered to the kidney, only ______ is filtered at the glomerulus

A

20%

37
Q

After filtration, ________ of the ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed into the

A

99%; peritubular capillaries

38
Q

the surgical stress response includes a transient state of

A

vasoconstriction & sodium retention resulting in oliguria & edema

39
Q

Vasoconstriction during the surgical stress response predisposes the kidneys to

A

ischemic injury and the effects of nephrotoxic drugs

40
Q

In the neonate, RBF ____________ in the first two weeks of life and achieves an adult level by

A

doubles; two years of age

41
Q

______________ is more sensitive to ischemia due to a lower PO2

A

the Renal medulla

42
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback about the _____ and _________- composition in the distal tubule affects arteriolar tone

A

sodium and chloride composition

43
Q

If the renal artery pressure is elevated, the myogenic mechanism ___________________________ to protect the glomerulus from excessive pressure

A

constricts the afferent arteriole

44
Q

The kidneys receive sympathetic innervation from

A

T8-L1

45
Q

What is more represented in the kidney SNS or PNS?

A

SNS

46
Q

How does renal blood flow change after age 50?

A

it decreases by 10% per decade

47
Q

What renal structures are innervated by the SNS?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

Apex Review (224 decks)

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