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Apex Review > Inhaled anesthetics 1: pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Inhaled anesthetics 1: pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three groups that we can categorize the inhaled anesthetics into?

A

ethers
alkanes
gases

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2
Q

At atmospheric pressure and room temperature, the ethers and alkanes exist as

A

liquids

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3
Q

What are the ethers?

A

isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane

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4
Q

What are the alkanes?

A

halothane

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5
Q

At atmospheric pressure and room temperature, the gases exist in

A

gaseous form

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6
Q

Examples of the gases include

A

nitrous oxide and xenon

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7
Q

You can identify the halogenated anesthetic molecule by

A

counting the number of fluorine atoms

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8
Q

How many fluorine atoms does halothane have?

A

3

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9
Q

How many fluorine atoms does isoflurane have?

A

5

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10
Q

How many fluorine atoms does desflurane have?

A

6

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11
Q

How many fluorine atoms does sevoflurane have?

A

7

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12
Q

Isoflurane has a _______ atom, which increases ______.

A

chlorine atom, which increases potency

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13
Q

Although sevoflurane is heavily fluorinated, its stil

A

3x as potent as desflurane

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14
Q

Desflurane is nearly identical to isoflurane, but the chlorine atom is replaced by _________

A

a fluorine atom

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15
Q

The ethers have a characteristic

A

“ether bridge”= C-O-C

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16
Q

Since desflurane is fully fluorinated, it has a _____ potency leading to a _____ MAC

A

decreased potency; increased MAC

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17
Q

Desflurane has a ______ vapor pressure requiring

A

increased vapor pressure requiring a heated vaporizer

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18
Q

Desflurane has a _____ resistance to biotransformation meaning _____ metabolism

A

increased resistance to biotransformation meaning decreased metabolism

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19
Q

Fluorination tends to _____ potency

A

reduce

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20
Q

Sevoflurane is heavily fluorinated but its still 3x as potent as desflurane. This is most likely due to the

A

bulky propyl side chain

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21
Q

The addition of the heavier chlorine atom with isoflurane results in

A

increased potency

22
Q

The chlorine of isoflurane also increases

A

blood and tissue solubility

23
Q

______ is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase inside of a closed container.

A

Vapor pressure

24
Q

Vapor pressure is directly proportional to

A

temperature
increased temperature results in increased vapor pressure

25
Q

_______ is the temperature where matter transitions from a liquid state to a gas state

A

The boiling point

26
Q

Boiling occurs when

A

vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure

27
Q

At high altitudes, liquids boil at a

A

lower temperature as a function of reduced atmospheric pressure

28
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that

A

the total gas pressure in a container is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas

29
Q

________ is the fractional amount of pressure that a single gas exerts within a gas mixture

A

partial pressure

30
Q

______ refers to the ability to resist breakdown or metabolism

A

Stability

31
Q

_______ & _______ can transform volatile anesthetics into toxic compounds

A

Carbon dioxide absorbent & the liver

32
Q

_______ is the process where compound transitions from its liquid state to a gaseous state at a temperature below its boiling point.

A

Evaporation

33
Q

Which vaporizer does not automatically compensate for elevation?

A

Tec 6 desflurane

34
Q

Even in hydrated soda lime, ________ is unstable

A

sevoflurane; this is the basis for minimum fresh gas flow requirements for sevoflurane

35
Q

In desiccated soda lime, desflurane and isoflurane can

A

become unstable producing carbon monoxide (des>iso)

36
Q

What is the vapor pressure of sevoflurane?

A

157 mmHg

37
Q

What is the boiling point of sevoflurane?

A

59 degrees C

38
Q

What is the molecular weight of sevoflurane?

A

200 g

39
Q

What is the toxic by-product of sevoflurane?

A

compound A

40
Q

What is the vapor pressure of desflurane?

A

669 mmHg

41
Q

What is the boiling point of desflurane?

A

22 degrees C

42
Q

What is the molecular weight of desflurane?

A

168 g

43
Q

What is the toxic by-product of desflurane?

A

carbon monoxide

44
Q

What is the vapor pressure of isoflurane?

A

238 mmHg

45
Q

What is the boiling point of isoflurane?

A

49

46
Q

What is the molecular weight of isoflurane?

A

184 g

47
Q

What is the toxic by-product of isoflurane?

A

carbon monoxide

48
Q

What is the vapor pressure of N2O?

A

38,770 mmHg

49
Q

What is the boiling point of N2O?

A

-88 degrees C

50
Q

What is the molecular weight of N2O?

A

44 g

51
Q

What is the toxic by-product of N2O?

A

none- it is stable in a hydrated or dehydrated Co2 absorber

52
Q

Boiling requires a ______ container

A

open

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