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Apex Review > Cellular communication 5 > Flashcards

Cellular communication 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The NMDA receptor has binding sites for: (select 3)
a. gamma-aminobutyric acid
b. glutamate
c. propofol
d. ketamine
e. magnesium
f. calcium

A

b. glutamate
d. ketamine
e. magnesium

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2
Q

The amino acid neurotransmitters include:

A

glutamate
GABA
glycine

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3
Q

__________________ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Glutamate

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4
Q

______________ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

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5
Q

_____________________ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and lower brainstem

A

Glycine

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6
Q

Glutamate and GABA are interconvertible through

A

Krebs cycle intermediates

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7
Q

Glutamate receptors can be

A

ionotropic or metabotropic

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8
Q

NMDA and AMPA receptors are ___________ receptors

A

ionotropic glutamate

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9
Q

Neuronal injury initiated by excessive glutamate receptor activity is called

A

excitotoxicity

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10
Q

The glycine receptor is

A

ionotropic

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11
Q

GABA receptors can be

A

ionotropic or metabotropic

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12
Q

In a glial cell, glutamate is converted into

A

glutamine by the enzyme glutamine synthetase

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13
Q

The three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors are named for

A

the pharmacologic agents that activate them

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14
Q

The three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors are:

A
  1. NMDA
  2. Kainate receptors
  3. a-amino3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors
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15
Q

Full activation of AMPA receptors requires the binding of

A

two glutamate molecules

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16
Q

AMPA receptors have ________________ synaptic transmission

A

fast-gating (rapid) excitatory

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17
Q

AMPA receptors are highly permeable to _________ and poorly permeable to

A

Na+; Ca2+

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18
Q

Full activation of NMDA receptors requires the binding of

A

two glutamates
two glycine molecules
a depolarizing voltage change

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19
Q

NMDA receptors are highly permeable to ______________ and poorly permeable to ________

A

Ca2+; Na+

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20
Q

NMDA receptors have ________ synaptic transmission

A

slower-gating (delayed)

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21
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are classified into three groups:

A

group 1 receptors are couple to Gq- they activate phospholipase C
group 2 & 3 receptors are couple to Gi- they prevent the formation of cAMP

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22
Q

Increased released or decreased uptake of glutamate can lead to a positive feedback cycle involving increased

A

intracellular Ca2+, cellular damage and further glutamate release

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23
Q

Too much of a good thing (intracellular Ca2+) leads to

A

neuronal injury or neuronal death by apoptosis

24
Q

Neuronal injury initiated by excessive glutamate receptor activity is called

A

excitotoxicity

25
Q

Excitotoxicity is implicated as a pathologic mechanism in many diseases including

A

Huntington’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
ALS
stroke & trauma
hyperalgesia
epilepsy

26
Q

The amount of GABA in the CNS correlates to the amount of

A

functional GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase- which catalyzes glutamate to GABA)

27
Q

How is glycine formed?

A

glycolysis–> serine–> glycine

28
Q

Glycine is taken up from the synaptic cleft by

A

neurons through a glycine transporter

29
Q

Mutations of the glycine receptor are involved in a rare neurological disease

A

human startle disease or hyperekplexia

30
Q

Human startle disease is characterized by

A

temporary muscle rigidity in response to unexpected stimuli

31
Q

At resting membrane potential, magnesium channels block _____________ receptors.

A

NMDA

32
Q

What two binding sites are located in the NMDA receptor channel (pore)?

A

Mg2+
ketamine/PCP

33
Q

Which GABA receptor is metabotropic?

A

GABAb

34
Q

Glutamate is converted to GABA by what type of enzymatic reaction?

A

decarboxylation

35
Q

Which enzymes are required to degrade epinephrine to vanillymandelic acid? (select 2)
a. catechol-O-methyltransferase
b. L-amino acid decarboxylase
c. monamine oxidase
d. tyrosine hydroxylase

A

a. catechol-O-methyltransferase
c. monamine oxidase

36
Q

What are the five biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
serotonin
histamine

37
Q

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are collectively known as

A

catecholamines

38
Q

All biogenic amine neurotransmitters are derived from __________ by ________________ & ____________________

A

amino acids; hydroxylation & decarboxylation (there is an exception)

39
Q

The rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis is

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

40
Q

Degradation of NE & epi is carried out by two enzymes:

A

monoamine oxidase
catechol-O-methyltransferase

41
Q

The end-product of catecholamine metabolism is

A

vanillymandelic acid

42
Q

Serotonin is syntheized from

A

tryptophan

43
Q

Histamine is synthesized from

A

histidine

44
Q

___________________ is the end-product of serotonin metabolism.

A

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

45
Q

The biogenic amines elicit a wide range of physiologic responses in the periphery and in the CNS including:

A

central control of cardiac function, BP, and metabolism
coordination of movement
cognitive function
regulation of appetite & feeding
sleep
behavior

46
Q

The exception of biogenic amine transmitter receptors being metabotropic receptors is the

A

ionotropic 5-HT3 serotonin receptor

47
Q

What two enzymatic reactions are common in the biosynthesis of biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

A

hydroxylation
decarboxylation

48
Q

What is hydroxylation?

A

add an -OH group

49
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

removes a CO2 group

50
Q

MAO-A preferentially degrades

A

dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin

51
Q

MAO-B degrades

A

dopamine more rapidly than serotonin and norepinephrine

52
Q

The most common screening test used to establish the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is:

A

catecholamine metabolites in the urine

53
Q

Dopamine is metabolized by

A

both MAO & COMT

54
Q

The major metabolite of dopamine is

A

homovanillic acid (HVA)

55
Q

High levels of 5-HIAA in the urine are consistent with

A

carcinoid tumors

Apex Review (224 decks)

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