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Apex Review > Respiratory monitors and equipment 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory monitors and equipment 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The pulse oximeter reads 80%. You estimate the PaO2 is approximately:

A

50

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2
Q

SpO2 monitoring is most useful when the patient’s

A

PaO2 aligns with the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

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3
Q

When you have an SpO2 of 90%, you can estimate your PaO2 at

A

60 mmHg

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4
Q

When you have an SpO2 of 80%, you can estimate your PaO2 at

A

50 mmHg

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5
Q

When you have an SpO2 of 70%, you can estimate your PaO2 at

A

40 mmHg

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6
Q

Methods that improve the SpO2 signal include

A

warming the extremity and protecting the extremity from ambient light
placing a digital block
applying a vasodilating cream
administering an arterial vasodilator

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7
Q

Once the SpO2 exceeds ______, you have no way of knowing if the PaO2 is 100 or 500 mmHg. For this, you’ll need to measure the PaO2 with

A

100%; an abg

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8
Q

A left shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve means

A

left= love
increased affinity for O2

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9
Q

What causes a left shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve?

A

decreased temperature
decreased 2,3-DPG
decreased CO2
decreased H+
increased pH
increased HgbMet
increased HgbCO
increased HgbF

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10
Q

What is a right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve?

A

right= release
decreased affinity for O2

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11
Q

What causes a right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve?

A

increased temperature
increased 2,3-DPG
increased CO2
increased H+
decreased pH

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12
Q

The pulse oximeter is a useful monitor of:
a. ventilation
b. bronchial intubation
c. anemia
d. vascular compression

A

d. vascular compression

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13
Q

The pulse oximeter is a noninvasive monitor of:

A

hemoglobin saturation
heart rate
fluid responsiveness (pulse pressure variation)
perfusion

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14
Q

The pulse oximeter is NOT a good monitor of

A

anemia
ventilation
bronchial intubation

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15
Q

The pulse oximeter may ___________ the SpO2 with severe anemia

A

overestimate

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16
Q

Which condition is LEAST likely to affect the reliability of the pulse oximeter?
a. jaundice
b. left ventricular assist device
c. carboxyhemoglobin
d. blue nail polish

A

a. jaundice

17
Q

What circumstances decrease the reliability of the pulse oximeter?

A

dysfunctional hemoglobin (methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin)
decreased perfusion
non-pulsatile flow
motion artifact
altered optical characteristics (dyes, nail polish, ambient light)

18
Q

The pulse oximeter has a margin of error of +/- _______ when the SpO2 is between 70-100%

A

2-3%

19
Q

The SpO2 has a margin of error of _______ when the SpO2 is 50-70%.

A

3%

20
Q

If O2 sat >85% in the presence of methemoglobin, SpO2 will be

A

falsely underestimated

21
Q

If O2 sat is <85% in the presence of methemoglobin, SpO2 will be

A

falsely overestimated

22
Q

How does carboxyhemoglobin affect the pulse oximeter?

A

overestimates SpO2

23
Q

The pulse oximeter has been associated with the following negative outcomes:

A

burns
pressure injury
ischemic injury
electric shock

24
Q

Issues of decreased perfusion that can lead to inaccuracy in pulse oximeter readings include

A

vasoconstriction
hypothermia
hypoperfusion
Raynaud’s disease

25
Q

What issues of non-pulsatile blood flow can lead to issues with the pulse oximeter?

A

cardiopulmonary bypass
LVAD

26
Q

Can dark skin affect the pulse oximeter?

A

yes

27
Q

Can electrocautery affect the pulse oximeter?

A

yes

28
Q

Venous pulsation (tricuspid regurgitation) _____________ SpO2

A

falsely decreases

29
Q

Factors that DO NOT affect the reliability of the pulse oximeter include

A

Hemoglobin S
Hemoglobin F
jaundice
fluorescein
polycythemia
acrylic fingernails

30
Q

What is the MOST common method of measuring exhaled gases inside the breathing circuit?
a. mass spectrometry
b. Raman scattering
c. piezoelectric crystals
d. infrared absorption

A

d. infrared absorption

31
Q

Does infrared absorption spectrophotometry measure O2?

A

NO-you’ll need a separate way to measure O2 if you’re using IR absorption spectrophotometry

32
Q

Pros of infrared absorption include that

A

it is more portable and energy-efficient

33
Q

Mass spectrometry is

A

large and may be utilized for more than one patient at a time

34
Q

Piezoelectric crystals is an analyzer using

A

piezoelectrical crystals that can detect inspired, expired, and breath to breath changes of a particular gas by incorporating a lipid layer on the crystal

35
Q

A con of piezoelectric crystals to identify gases is

A

it cannot identify multiple gases at once making it impractical to use in the clinical setting

36
Q

Raman scatter spectrometry uses a

A

high power argon laser to produce photons which in turn collide with gas molecules

37
Q

Mass spectrometry bombards a

A

gas sample with electrons creating ion fragments

Apex Review (224 decks)

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