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MTAP 1 Clinical Chemistry > 2.1.2 Carbohydrates Disorders > Flashcards

2.1.2 Carbohydrates Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoglycemic Disorders

Post-absorptive is also known as ?

A

Fasting

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2
Q

Post-absorptive occurs:

a. Before 10hrs with food
b. Before 10 hrs without food
c. After 10 hrs without Food
d. After 10 hrs with food

A

c

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3
Q

Insulinoma is most noted in Post-absorptive

T or F

A

T

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4
Q

Post prandial occurs 4 hrs after a meal

T or F

A

T

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5
Q

Neurogenic:

a. Predominate in reactive Hypoglycemia
b. Predominate in fasting hypoglycemia

A

a

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6
Q

Neuroglycopenic:

a. Predominate in reactive Hypoglycemia
b. Predominate in fasting hypoglycemia

A

b

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7
Q

Neurogenic is associated with AUTONOMiC nervous system such as:

  • Palpiation
  • Anxiety
  • diaphoresis
  • hunger
  • dizziness

Which of the following does not belong?

A

Dizzinss

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8
Q

What is the Panic value for HYPOglycemia?

A

< 40 mg/dl

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9
Q

What are the Whipple’s triad (ALL TYPES)?

A
  • Symptoms of hypoglycemia
  • < or equal to 50 mg/dl
  • Relief of Sx when corrected
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10
Q

Insulinoma is the most common diagnosis for Post-absorptive hypoglycemia

T or F

A

T

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11
Q

Important criteria for insulinoma is:

Change in glucose more than or equal to _______ mg/dl

A

25

NOTE:
Degree of change:

75 -> 50 = 25mg/dl

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12
Q

Insulinoma:

______ insulin level
______ Proinsulin level
______ C-peptide level
______ Beta HA level

A

Increase
Increase
Increase
Decrease

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13
Q

Exogenous insulinoma came from _________ source which increases insulin

Endogenous insulinoma comes from PROINSULIN that is cleave which fragments into _________ and ______

A

External source

C-peptide and Insulin

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14
Q

Beta HA is the most abundant ________ body (78%) which serves as the Primary marker for Type I DM (Hyperglycemia)

A

Ketone

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15
Q

Diabetes mellitus is known to be hypoglycemia

T or F

A

F

Hyperglycemia

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16
Q

Autoimmune o IDIOPATHIC beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types

A

a

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17
Q

Insulin resistance with PROGRESSIVE insulin deficiency

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types

A

b

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18
Q

Gestational DM is a glucose intolerance during pregnancy that disappears POST-partum but may convert to _________ DM in 30-40% of cases within __ years

A

Type 2

10

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19
Q

NIDDM is now called Type 2 DM

T or F

A

F

The term is not used

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20
Q

Due to metabolic and hormonal changes

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM
c. Gestational DM
d. Other types

A

c

21
Q

Frequency: <10%

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

A

a

22
Q

Frequency: <90%

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

A

b

23
Q

Females are more frequent in Type 2 DM than males

T or F

A

T

24
Q

Onset: Adulthood

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

A

b

25
Q

Onset: Childhood / Juvenile

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

A

a

26
Q

Risk factors: Autoimmune, Genetic predisposition

a. Type 1 DM
b. Type 2 DM

A

a

27
Q

Autoantibodies for Insulin

a. IAA
b. ICA

A

a

28
Q

Autoantibodies for Islet cell ab

a. IAA
b. ICA

A

b

29
Q

What is the HLA alleles that is associated with the development of Type 1 DM?

a. HLA - DR3/DR4
b. HLA - DR1/DR2
c. HLA - DR2/DR3
d. HLA - DR4/DR5

A

a

30
Q

Risk factors:
- Genetic: Family history, Race
- History of Coronary vascular disease

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

A

b

31
Q

Risk factors:
- Condition associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

A

b

32
Q

Risk factors:
- Obesity or overweight
- Habitually inactive, hypertension
- dyslipidemia

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

A

b

33
Q

Insulin resistance associated includes:

  • PCOS
  • GDM or delivering a baby
  • Pre-DM

T or F

A

T

34
Q

In type 2 DM, the overweight tendencies (BMI:_____________)

a. > or equal to 25 kg/m^2
b. >25 kg/m
c. >25 kg/m^3
d. < or equal to 25 kg/m^2

A

a

35
Q

In type 2 DM, the hypertension is (BP:_____________)

a. >140/90
b. >120/50
c. >130/80
d. >60/20

A

a

36
Q

In type 2 DM, the dyslipidemia (HDL:_____________)

a. < or equal to 25 mg/dl
b. < or equal to 35 mg/dl
c. < or equal to 15 mg/dl
d. < or equal to 45 mg/dl

A

b

37
Q

In type 2 DM, the dyslipidemia (TG:_____________)

a. > or equal to 250 mg/dl
b. > or equal to 350 mg/dl
c. > or equal to 150 mg/dl
d. > or equal to 450 mg/dl

A

a

38
Q

Therapy: Insulin injection

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

A

a

39
Q

Therapy: Lifestyle changes, Oral hypoglycemic agents (May require insulin)

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

A

b

MAY REQUIRE INSULINE due to PROGRESSIVE decrease in insulin

40
Q

Acute complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis which increases?

a. Insulin level
b. Proinsulin level
c. C - peptide level
d. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate levels (bHA)

A

d

41
Q

Acute complication: Diabetic ketoacidosis

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

A

a

42
Q

Acute complication: Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar non-ketoic coma (HHNC)

What is the plasma glucose level?
a. >1000 mg/dl
b. >500 mg/dl
c. >250 mg/dl
d. >1500 mg/dl

A

a

43
Q

What is the panic value of HHNC or Hyperglycemia?

a. >1000 mg/dl
b. >500 mg/dl
c. >250 mg/dl
d. >1500 mg/dl

A

b

44
Q

Lab findings:

________ plasma and urine glucose, serum osmolality; urine specific gravity

A

Increased

45
Q

Lab findings:

________ Blood and urine pH

A

Decrease

Similar to Bacte, from alkaline to Acid (Violet to Yellow)

46
Q

Symptoms of DM: What are the 3 Ps

A

Polyuria - urination
Polydipsia - Thirst
Polyphagia - Hunger

47
Q

Long term complications of DM:

Nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy

a. Microvascular compilation
b. Macrovascular complication

A

a

48
Q

Earliest indicator for nephropathy in DM?

a. Microalbuminuria
b. Macroalbuminuria
c. Glucose level
d. GFR

A

a

49
Q

Long term complications of DM:

CAD (Coronary artery Disease, Heart attack), CVA (Cerebrovascular accident, Stroke)

a. Microvascular compilation
b. Macrovascular complication

A

b

MTAP 1 Clinical Chemistry (97 decks)

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