3.3.1 Electrolytes and Blood gases (Regulatory factos, Functions, and Instrumentation)

Question 1

Stimulates WATER ABSORPTION, primarily in the collecting duct of the renal tubules

a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Arginine Vasopressin peptide
c. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
d. RAAS

Answer 1

a and b

Question 2

Released from the myocardial atria in
response to volume expansion, and promotes _________________

a. Antidiuretic hormone, Sodium secretion
b. Arginine Vasopressin peptide Sodium excretion
c. Atrial Natriuretic peptide, Sodium excretion
d. RAAS, Sodium secretion

Answer 2

c

Question 3

In RAAS:

Angiotensinogen —(_____)–> Angiotensin I —(_____)—>
Angiotensin II

a. Renin, ACE
b. ACE Renin

Answer 3

a

Question 4

Immediate effects of Angiotensin II:

The immediate effect of Angiotensin __ is _________ of ________ arterioles and __________ of __________ arterioles

Answer 4

II

Vasodilation, afferent

vasoconstriction, efferent

Question 5

Immediate effects of Angiotensin II:

Promotes immediate _______ reabsorption at the level of the _______ convoluted tubules

a. Potassium, Distal
b. Sodium, Distal
c. Potassium, Proximal
d. Sodium, Proximal

Answer 5

d

Question 6

If the sodium reabsorption in the PCT is not enough, more sodium needs to be reabsorbed in order to bring back the sodium level to normal

T or F

Answer 6

T

Question 7

In order for more sodium to be reabsorbed and to allow further reabsorption at the level of the DCT, sodium reabsorption is not automatic and _________ is needed

Answer 7

Aldosterone

Question 8

Immediate effects of Angiotensin II:

Stimulates Aldosterone excretion

T or F

Answer 8

F

Secretion

Question 9

When aldosterone is secreted, increase sodium reabsorption at the level of the PCT

T or F

Answer 9

F

DCT

Question 10

Since aldosterone increase sodium reabsorption, to compensate this, _______ is excreted

Answer 10

Potassium

Question 11

Counter hormone for aldosterone since it excretes Sodium due to volume expansion

Answer 11

Atria Natriuretic peptide

Question 12

A system that regulates a lot of actions and processes related to water and electrolyte balance, primarily, electrolyte balance and blood pressure.

a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Arginine Vasopressin peptide
c. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
d. RAAS

Answer 12

d

Question 13

When Blood pressure of plasma SODIUM is decrease, this stimulates what organ to secrete Renin?

Answer 13

Kidney

Question 14

This renin converts ____________ to _____________

Answer 14

Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

Question 15

Angiotensin I is an inactive form therefore, it must be be activated by __________ that is produced by the ________

Answer 15

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, lungs

Question 16

ACE converts Angiotensin I to ?

Answer 16

Angiotensin II

Question 17

Angiotensin increases Blood pressure and Plasma sodium content

T or F

Answer 17

T

Question 18

Function:

Volume and osmotic regulation

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 18

abc

Question 19

Function:

Myocardial rhythm and contractility and neuromuscular excitability

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 19

b,d,e

Question 20

Function:

Cofactors in enzyme activation

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 20

c,d,e,f

Question 21

Function:

Regulation of ATPase-ion pumps

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 21

d

Question 22

Function:

Blood coagulation

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 22

d,e

Question 23

Function:

Production and use of ATP from glucose

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 23

d,g

Question 24

Function:

Maintenance of acid-base balance

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Calcium
f. Zinc
g. Phosphate
h. Bicarbonate

Answer 24

b,c,h

Question 25

Measurement of light emitted by atoms following excitation by heat energy a. Flame photometry b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry c. Potentiometry d. Coulometry

Answer 25

a

Question 26

Measurement of the amount of light absorbed by ground state atoms a. Flame photometry b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry c. Potentiometry d. Coulometry

Answer 26

b

Question 27

Gold standard or reference method for DIVALENT IONS a. Flame photometry b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry c. Potentiometry d. Coulometry

Answer 27

b

Question 28

Measurement of the amount of electricity in coulombs at a fixed potential a. Flame photometry b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry c. Potentiometry d. Coulometry

Answer 28

d

Question 29

Electrochemical technique or Electroanalytical techniques a. Flame photometry b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry c. Potentiometry d. Coulometry

Answer 29

c and d

Question 30

Measurement of electrical potential (voltage) due to the activity of free ions a. Flame photometry b. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry c. Potentiometry d. Coulometry

Answer 30

c

Question 31

What is the internal standard for Flame photometry? a. Lithium b. Cesium c. Vertiasium d. Rubdinum

Answer 31

a and b

Question 32

In Flame photometry Internal standard: it is the standard for sodium and potassium

Answer 32

Lithium

Question 33

In Flame photometry Internal standard: Use for Lithium assays

Answer 33

Cesium

Question 34

Also known as Severinghaus electrode a. pH electrode b. pCO2 electrode c. Ion-selective electrode

Answer 34

b

Question 35

H+ sensitive glass electrode a. pH electrode b. pCO2 electrode c. Ion-selective electrode

Answer 35

a

Question 36

In pH electrode: H+ -sensitive glass electrode containing _______ wire in the electrolyte of known pH and reference electrode (Hg/Hg2 Cl2) a. Au/AuCl b. Ag/AgCl c. Fu/FuCl d. Fe/FeCl

Answer 36

b

Question 37

pH electrode covered with membrane permeable to CO2 , with bicarbonate buffer between membrane and electrode a. pH electrode b. pCO2 electrode c. Ion-selective electrode

Answer 37

b

Question 38

Used to measure sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium a. pH electrode b. pCO2 electrode c. Ion-selective electrode

Answer 38

c

Question 39

In Coulometry: used in serum and sweat chloride analysis a. Coulove chloridometer b. Cotlove chloridometer c. Catlove chloridometer d. doglove chloridometer

Answer 39

b

Question 40

In Coulometry/Cotlove chloridometer: The endpoint is INCREASE in conductivity measured by _____________ T or F (INCREASE or DECREASE) a. amperometry b. amphirometry c. Voltametry d. Currenometry

Answer 40

T a

Question 41

measurement of the current flow produced by an OXIDATION-REDUCTION reaction at a fixed applied potential to the electrodes a. Amperometry b. Polarography c. Anodic stripping voltammetry

Answer 41

a

Question 42

In amperometry: pCO2 electrode is also known as Clark electrode T or F

Answer 42

F pO2

Question 43

Difference of pO2 and pCO2?

Answer 43

pO2 (Clark electrode) pCO2 (Severinghaus electrode)

Question 44

Potentiometry a. pO2 (Clark electrode) b. pCO2 (Severinghaus electrode)

Answer 44

b

Question 45

Amperometry a. pO2 (Clark electrode) b. pCO2 (Severinghaus electrode)

Answer 45

a

Question 46

Measurement of current produced at gradually increasing voltage applied between two electrodes in contact with a solution containing the analyte a. Amperometry b. Polarography c. Anodic stripping voltammetry

Answer 46

b

Question 47

Measurement of current flow as a metal is stripped off the anode of a polarographic cell a. Amperometry b. Polarography c. Anodic stripping voltammetry

Answer 47

c

Question 48

Used for Lead and Iron testing a. Amperometry b. Polarography c. Anodic stripping voltammetry

Answer 48

c