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Biology > Chapter 2-biochemistry- Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 2-biochemistry- Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein Flashcards

0
Q

What are the exceptions of carbon which aren’t in organic compounds?

A

Hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3^2-) and oxides of carbon (CO,CO2)

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1
Q

What do organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What are inorganic compounds made of?

A

All other compounds

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3
Q

Carbohydrates- what are they?

A

Are organic compounds consisting of one or more simple sugars that as monomers follow the general formula (CH2O)

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4
Q

Carbohydrates- Draw the example glucose and ribose

A

Glucose- C6H12O6

Ribose-C5H10O5

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5
Q

Carbohydrates- what is monosaccharide?

A

Any class of sugars (e.g glucose) that cannot be hydrated to give a simpler sugar

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6
Q

Carbohydrates- give 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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7
Q

Carbohydrates- what does disaccharide mean?

A

Any class of sugars whose molecules contain a 2 monosaccharide residues.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates- give example of disaccharide

A

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

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9
Q

Carbohydrates- what is polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecule bonded together

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10
Q

Carbohydrates- give examples of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose, glycogen and starch

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11
Q

Carbohydrates- what is the function of glucose in animals?

A

Source of energy which can be broken down to form ATP via cellular respiration

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12
Q

Carbohydrates- what is the function of lactose in animals?

A

A sugar found in the milk of mammals, provides energy for sucking infants

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13
Q

Carbohydrates- what is the function of glycogen in animals?

A

Used by animals for short term energy storage (between meals) in the liver

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14
Q

Carbohydrates- what is the function of fructose in plants?

A

Found in honey and onions, very sweet and good source of energy

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15
Q

Carbohydrates- what is the function of sucrose?

A

Used primarily as a transportable energy form (e.g sugar beets and sugar canes)

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16
Q

Carbohydrates- what is the function of cellulose?

A

Used by plant cells as a strengthening component of the cell wall

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17
Q

Carbohydrates- when does condensation (dehydration) reactions occur?

A

When molecules are covalently joined together and water is formed as a by- product

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18
Q

In carbohydrates what is the bond that is formed via condensation reactions called?

A

Glycoside linkage

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19
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Is hydrolysis re reaction which requires a water molecule to break a covalent bond between 2 sub units

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20
Q

Carbohydrates- When a single monomer joins what is it called?

A

Disaccharide

21
Q

Carbohydrates- when a sugar contains multiple subunits (more than 10) what are they called?

A

Polysaccharide

22
Q

Draw condensation reaction matey

A

Do it Martha.

23
Q

Lipids- what are they?

A

Group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non- polar solvents

24
Q

What are 3 examples of lipids?

A

Triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids

25
Q

Lipids- what does saturated mean?

A

No double bond

26
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Double bond

27
Q

Draw the general structure of a lipid, a saturated lipid and a unsaturated lipid

A

Do it Martha.

28
Q

Lipids- what does condensation reaction occur between?

A

3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids.

29
Q

Lipids- what does the condensation reaction form?

A

Forms a triglyceride bond ( and 3 molecules of water)

30
Q

Lipids- what is the kind of linkage between the glycerol And the fatty acids?

A

Ester linkage

31
Q

Lipids- when one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group what is formed?

A

Phospholipid

32
Q

Lipids-What will hydrolysis reactions do in the presence of water?

A

Break these molecules down to their subunits

33
Q

Lipids- glycerol + fatty acids = ?

A

Triglyceride

34
Q

Draw the formation of triglyceride

A

Do it

35
Q

Functions of lipids- SHIPS what does it stand for?

A 
S- structure
H- hormonal signalling
I- insulation 
P- protections
S- storage of energy
36
Q

Lipids- what is a main component of lipids cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid biolayer are main component of cell membrane

37
Q

Lipids- what is hormonal signalling involved in and what lipid is involved in it?

A

Steroids are involved in hormonal signalling (e.g progesterone, testosterone, oestrogen)

38
Q

Lipids- what can serve as insulation in animals?

A

Fats in animals can serve as heat insulators while sphingolipids in the myelin sheath (of Neurones) can serve as electrical insulators

39
Q

Lipids- what is protection and what is an example of protection?

A

Triglycerides may form a tissue later around many key internal organs and provide protection against physical injury

40
Q

Lipids- what is storage of energy?

A

Triglycerides can be used as long term energy storage source

41
Q

What are the similarities of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?

A
  • complex carbohydrates (e.g polysaccharide) and lipids both contain a lot of chemical energy that can be used for energy storage.
  • complex carbohydrates and lipids are both insoluble in water- not easily transported
  • carbohydrates and lipids both burn cleaner than proteins (do not yield nitrogen wastage)
42
Q

What are the differences in carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?

  • lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates
  • carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release there energy quicker
  • monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from sites than lipids
  • animals tend to use carbohydrates for short term energy storage while lipids are used for more long-term energy storage.
  • carbohydrates Are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats
  • carbohydrates stored as cellulose and lipids as proteins
  • lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure which a cell than complete carbohydrate.
A
  • lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates
  • carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release there energy quicker
  • monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from sites than lipids
  • animals tend to use carbohydrates for short term energy storage while lipids are used for more long-term energy storage.
  • carbohydrates Are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats
  • carbohydrates stored as cellulose and lipids as proteins
  • lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure which a cell than complete carbohydrate.
43
Q

What are proteins?

A

Large, organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in linear chain

44
Q

How is a protein defined?

A

Sequence of amino acids is defined by a gene and encodes in the genetic code

45
Q

Draw the generalised structure of an amino acid

A

Do it do it

46
Q

Protein- where does condensation reaction occur?

A

Between the amino group (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group (COOH) of another amino acid

47
Q

Proteins- what does condensation reaction form?

A

A dipeptide (plus a molecule of water) that is held together by a peptide bond

48
Q

Protein- when multiple amino acids join what can be formed?

A

A polypeptide chain

49
Q

Protein- in the presence of water what can happen to polypeptides and by what reaction?

A

Polypeptide can be broken down into individual amino acids via hydrolysis reaction

50
Q

Draw the formation of a dipeptide

A

Do it.

Biology (64 decks)

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