Chapter 3- Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes ?

A

Haploid so contain one allele of each gene

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2
Q

What does the fusion of gametes result in?

A

In diploid zygote with two alleles of each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles

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3
Q

What are the three alleles for ABO blood groups?

A

I^ A
I ^ B
i

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4
Q

What is segregation?

A

Separation of alleles into different nuclei - the two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis

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5
Q

What can alleles be?

A

Dominant, recessive or co-dominant

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6
Q

What are dominant and recessive alleles?

A

Recessive alleles are only shown id the dominant allele is not present

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7
Q

What is a co-dominant allele

A

Where both alleles have an affect of the phenotype characteristic of the organism

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8
Q

Ex of co-dominance

A

Flower colour in Mirabilis Jalapa - red flower mixed with white flowers offspring have pink flower

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9
Q

Definition of genotype?

A

Symbolic representation of a pair of alleles possessed by an organism

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10
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The set of observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype

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11
Q

What does genotype I^A I^A five? What does I^B I^B give?
What does i i give?
What does I^A I^B give?

A

1) blood group A
2) blood group B
3) blood group O
4) blood group AB - co dominant

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12
Q

Antigen A has what type of antibodies?

What type of blood can’t it have?

A

Antibodies b and can’t have b or ab blood but can O or A blood

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13
Q

Antigen b what type of antibodies does It have?

What type of blood can’t it have?

A

Has anti- a antibodies and can’t have a or ab blood but can have b or o blood

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14
Q

WHat type of antibodies does antigen AB have?

What type of blood can’t it have?

A

Doesn’t have antigens but can have any blood type- universal recipient

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15
Q

What types of antibodies has A and B?

What type of blood can it only have?

A

Has both A and B antibodies and can only have O blood in it- universal donor

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16
Q

Define test cross

A

Testing a suspected heterozygous by crossing it with a homozygous recessive

17
Q

What are many genetic diseases in humans caused by?

A

Due to recessive alleles of Autosomal genes

18
Q

What are other causes of genetic disease?

A

Some genetic diseases are sex-linked and some are due to dominant or xo-dominant alleles

19
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by recessive alleles?

A

Cystic fibrosis

20
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by a dominant allele?

A

Hunting tons disease

21
Q

What is an example of co-dominant allele?

A

Sickle-cell anaemia- HB^A and HB^S has some characteristics of sickle cell anaemia without having the disease- resistance to malaria

22
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

Any genetic trait whose allele has its logs on the X chromosome

23
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? What are its consequences?

A

It is a recessive allele that results in chloride channels being produced that do not function properly- causes production of abnormally thick mucus which builds up in lungs causing infections

24
Q

What is huntingtin disease?

A

Dominant allele of the HTT gene- causes degenerative changes in be brain - changes to behaviour, thinking and emotions become increasingly severe - life expectancy is about 20 years after symptoms

25
Q

What are examples of X-linked recessive conditions?

A

Colour blindness and haemophilia

26
Q

Where is the gene lock found for colour blindness / haemophilia ? Why does that mean men can’t carry it?

A

On the non-homologous region of the X chromosome (not present on Y) - as males only have one allele of this gene (one one X chromosome ) they cannot carry it- either express it or don’t have it

27
Q

What does males have a higher frequency of? Where do makes inherit X linked recessive conditions?

A

Of being recessive and expressing a trait

Mothers

28
Q

What are some causes of mutations?

A

Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic disease and cancer

29
Q

How does radiation cause mutation?

A

Increases the mutation rate if it has enough energy to cause chemical changes in DNA - gamma rays , alpha Ray’s etc all mutagenic

30
Q

How do chemical substances cause mutation?

A

Cause chemical changes to DNA and so are mutagenic ex: and nitrosamines found in tobacco smoke

31
Q

What are some on the consequences of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs?

A

People either died directly or within a few months
Health of nearly 100,000 survivors have been monitored - many developed tumours
Led to many still births and malformations

32
Q

What are some of the consequences at Chernobyl in 1986?

A

Pine for forests turned ginger brown and died

Horses and cattle near the plant died of damage to thyroid gland

33
Q

What did Mendel discover?

A

Discovered the principles of inheritance with experiments in which large numbers of pea plants were crossed