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Medicine Term One > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A 
Major energy source 
Storage 
Structural
Protective 
Cell- cell communication
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2
Q

Storage from of carbohydrate is

A

glycogen

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3
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

Monomer of 6 C sugars (simplest form)

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4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, glactose and fructose

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5
Q

disaccharides

A

from monomers that are linked by glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

how do covalent bonds from in disaccharides

A

hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide reacts with anomeric carbon of another monosaccharide

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7
Q

What’s an anomeric carbon

A

carbons mirror images of each other

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8
Q

What does anomeric carbon do

A

(stabilises glucose)

allows oxidation

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9
Q

anomeric carbon can be either

A

alpha or beta

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10
Q

Name the 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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11
Q

reducing sugar can

A

readily oxidised

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12
Q

Breakdown form of starch is

A

maltose

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13
Q

How is lactose formed

A

glycosidic bond between galactose and glucose

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14
Q

Lactose and Maltose are both what?

A

Reducing sugar

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15
Q

Whats sugar is only made in plants

A

sucrose

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16
Q

if anomeric carbon is available for oxidation that makes a

A

reducing sugar

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17
Q

What is an example of a nonreducing sugar

A

sucrose

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18
Q

what is a polysaccharides?

A

polymer of reoccurring monosaccharide monomers

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19
Q

A polymer with a single monomeric species is called a

A

Homopolysaccharides

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20
Q

what are heteropolysaccharides

A

polymers that have two or more monomer species

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21
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and Glycogen

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22
Q

What are the two types of glucose polymers in starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

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23
Q

What are glucose residues linkage in amylose

A

α1→4

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24
Q

What is the difference of amylopectin to amylose

A

Has additional branched linkage α1→6 (every 24-30 residues)

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25
Q

Does starch have lots of reducing ends?

A

No has a lot of nonreducing ends

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26
Q

what structure does amylose and amylopectin form

A

alpha helix

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27
Q

What is the linkage in glycogen

A

glucose (α1→4) linked sub-units

(α1→6) branches every 8 to 12 residues

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28
Q

Why can glycogen release glucose so rapidly

A

Due to many branching of nonreducing ends

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29
Q

Polymers in solutions are

A

osmotically inactive

30
Q

Glucose transformed into glycogen because

A

can store high concentration of glucose without impacting osmocity of cells

31
Q

Whats are glycoproteins

A

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached

32
Q

Carbohydrates attached to proteins do what?

A

Increases the proteins solubility
Influence protein folding and conformation
Protect it from degradation
Act as communication between cells

33
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans composed of

A

Un-branched polymers made from repeating units of hexuronic acid and an amino-sugar,

34
Q

what is the function of glycosaminoglycans

A

forms parts of extracellular mucuses and synovial fluid

35
Q

Where are proteoglycans found?

A

found on the surface of cells or in between cells in the extracellular matrix

36
Q

What do proteoglycans form part of

A

connective tissue

37
Q

where are glycoproteins found

A

found on the outer plasma membrane
extra cellular matrix,
blood
and within cells in the secretory system

38
Q

What is Mucopolysaccharidoses

A

Genetic disorder caused by the absence of enzyme that breaks down glycosaminoglycans

39
Q

examples of mucopolysaccharidoses disorders

A

Hurler syndromes

40
Q

Symptoms of Hurler syndrome

A

Clouding degradation of cornea, arterial wall thickens and causes inflammation and dementia

41
Q

How is dementia caused due to mucopolysaccharidoses

A

increase in glycosaminoglycans causes a build up of Cerebrospinal fluid

42
Q

First digestion of carbohydrates takes place where with what enzyme acting on substrate

A

Mouth as Salivary amylase hydrolyses

(α1→4) bonds of starch

43
Q

Main products of carbohydrate digestion

A

glucose, glactose and fructose

44
Q

Glucose passes through intestinal lumen and absorbed in the blood following low NA ion concentration by an

A

Indirect ATP powered process

45
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is high

A

Glucose is still powered across the lumen into the blood

46
Q

How does fructose cross lumen membrane and into the blood

A

Binds to the channel protein GLUT5, moving down conc gradient

47
Q

What happens to polymers that can’t be digested by the gut

A

Increase faecal bulk

48
Q

What are polymers broken down by and yield proceeded

A

Gut bacteria, CH4 and H2

49
Q

Disaccaride deficiencies due to

A

generic or damage to gut wall or intestine

50
Q

Characteristics of Disaccaride deficiencies

A

abdominal distension and cramps

51
Q

Example of Disaccaride deficiencies

A

Lactose intolerance

52
Q

absence of enzyme lactase causes what

A

Lactose intolerance

53
Q

How is lactose broken down with disaccharide deficiency

A

By gut bacteria

54
Q

How can lactose intolerance cause diarrhoea

A

as Lactose osmotically inactive, therefore draw water from the gut into the lumen

55
Q

What happens when glucose enter the portal blood

A

immediately phosphorylated into glucose 6 phosphate

56
Q

What is the purpose of G6P

A

traps glucose in the cell

57
Q

Glucose phosphorylation enzymes

A

Glucokinase

Hexokinase

58
Q

where is Glucokinase found

A

the liver

59
Q

which Glucose phosphorylation enzymes catalyses high glucose concentration

A

Glucokinase

60
Q

Hexokinase properties ie Km and Vmax

A

Low Km, grab glucose efficiently

Low Vmax, tissues only phosphorylate glucose at lower concentrations

61
Q

What is the3 pathways of G6P

A

glycolysis
pentose phosphate pathway
glycogenesis

62
Q

What is not present in skeletal muscle

A

G6P

63
Q

Glycogen formed from

A

covalently binding
extending chains
chains then broken by glycogen-branching enzyme and re-attached via (α1→6) bonds to give branch points

64
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase removes what from glycogen

A

G1P

65
Q

Enzyme debranching enzymes help release glucose by

A

removing 3 glucose residues on branch and attaching to nonreducing end by alpha 1-4 bond, forming more of a straight chain

66
Q

How is glucose finally removed from glycogen

A

Glucosidase removes the final Glc by breaking a (α1→6) linkage

67
Q

what si left at the end of glycogen degradation

A

unbranched chain

68
Q

what happens to glycogen in the liver compared to muscle

A

Liver, glucose 6 phosphatase produces glucose

muscle, glycolysis produces lactate giving ATP

69
Q

von Gierke’s disease cause and symptoms

A

glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency,
low glucose level
high lactic acid level

70
Q

Skeletal muscle phosphorylase deficiency causing an inability to meet glucose demand of exercise is the cause of what disease

A

McArdles

Medicine Term One (59 decks)

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