Acute inflammation

Question 1

What is acute inflammation

Answer 1

A fundamental response maintaining integrity of an organism

Question 2

Name the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

rubor - redness
calor - heat
tumor - swelling
dolor - pain
loss of function

Question 3

What is the most important cardinal sign of inflammation

Answer 3

loss of function

Question 4

What are the causes of acute inflammation

Answer 4

Microorganism infection 
Injury to tissue 
Unstable environment e.g. chemical change
Extreme physical conditions 
Dead tissue 
Hypersensitivity

Question 5

What two physical changes occur in acute inflammation

Answer 5

Increase in radius of blood vessels

Increase in permeability of blood vessels

Question 6

List the steps occurring in the local changes in blood vessels radius in acute inflammation

Answer 6

1. Arteries constrict shortly (appears white on skin)
   2.The local arteries dilate
   (now appears red due to increased blood flow to affected area)
2. Relaxation of vessel of smooth muscle

Question 7

What is observed due to increased radius and why

Answer 7

redness and heat due to an increased blood flow directly from the heart

Question 8

How is the permeability increased in acute inflammation

Answer 8

by chemical mediators

Question 9

What happens when permeability is increased

Answer 9

endothelia leak protein rich fluid to extravascular space

Question 10

What is the effect of increased permeability

Answer 10

exudation

Question 11

What is the effect of exudation

Answer 11

odemia -accumulation of fluid in the extravascular system can lead discomfort and pain

Question 12

Increasing the permeability to much can also increase what?

Answer 12

Viscosity

Question 13

how does increased velocity of fluid affect the stasis of flow rate

Answer 13

slow flow

Question 14

In normal laminar flow where is the WBC and RBC located

Answer 14

WBC in the middle

RBC round WBC

Question 15

When the rate of flow increases in acute inflammation where do the neutrophils WBC migrate to and why

Answer 15

Near endothelium of blood vessel to emigrate out of blood vessels and move to site of infection (active process)

Question 16

What is rouleux formation

Answer 16

RBC migrating towards the middle in loss of laminar flow

Question 17

What are the three phases of neutrophils in acute inflammation when laminar flow is lost

Answer 17

1. Margination - move to endothelia
2. Pavementing - neutrophils adhere to endothelium
3. Emigration - squeeze between endothelia cells to extravascular tissue

Question 18

How else do neutrophils leave blood vessels

Answer 18

Diapedesis, passively follow RBC when they leave

Question 19

What is the benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 19

rapid response
Protection
neutrophils destroy pathogen
returns to normal afterwards

Question 20

What localises process

Answer 20

plasma proteins