What are prevention methods
diet stop people from smoking screening genetics medication
What is an example of a screening test
cervical cancer smear test
What are more controversial screenings
prostate cancer : PSA blood test
lung cancer : MR / CT scanning
breath test
What is given to previous Head and neck, or lung cancer patients to prevent reoccurrence
give anti-oxidant supplements
What can treatment either be
systemic
local
What is examples of local treatment
radiotherapy
surgery
What does surgery anatomically provide
anatomical clearance
what does radiotherapy anatomically provide
anatomical coverage
What is the benefit of radiotherapy compared to surgery
Maintain function or appearance
inoperable lesions - remove when surgery risk is to high
can make surgery become possible
What is the five Rs of radiobiology
radiosensitivity repair re-population re- oxygenation re-assortment
Define Radiosensitivity
relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation
When are cells most radiosensitive
Cells are least sensitive when in the S phase, then the G1 phase, then the G2 phase, and most sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle
What cells are most sensitive to radiotherapy
tumour cells
what is the effect if tumour cells are hypoxic
less sensitive to X-rays because most of their effects are mediated by the free radicals produced by ionizing oxygen (tumour doesnt decrease as much)
What do the five Rs of radiobiology provide
a means of understanding the success or failure of localised radiotherapy
What factor effects radio sensitivity
age eg. over 40 radio sensitivity decreases
What can prevents repopulation and repair of tumour
Intense treatment with short time frame
What can radiotherapy be combined with
chemotherapy
What role does radiotherapy play in palliate care
relive symptoms without curing
of pain, bleeding or swollen limbs
what is systemic treatment beneficial for
widespread disease
What is a negative possible effect of systemic treatment
widespread toxicity
What is the four different scenarios that chemotherapy is used and why
‘curative’ -
palliative
adjuvant
‘neoadjuvant’
When is a curative chemotherapy used
for complete remission, eliminate all cancer cells
When is palliative chemotherapy used
for terminal cancer patients to relieve symptoms
when is adjuvant chemotherapy used
used after all of the known and visible cancer has been removed surgically or with radiation
When is neoadjuvant chemotherapy used
used before surgery to shrink tumour so its operable
What is the two decisions involved in chemotherapy
toxicity vs benefit
‘cost’ vs benefit
What does it mean if a breast cancer tumour is oestrogen positive
its expresses oestrogen receptors
What is a hormonal treatment used for breast cancers expressing oestrogen receptors
tamoxifen
What is a hormonal therapy used for the treatment of prostate cancer and what does it do
LHRH antagonist lower testosterone levels
Hormonal therapy is used when
tumour growth is dependent on hormonal expression e.g. in breast cancer and prostate cancer
What are the three immune therapies
monoclonal antibodies
programmed cell death pathway
CAR T-cell therapy
What does the immune therapy of programmed cell death do
use immune system to attack foreign cancer cells
What is CAR T cell therapy
Artificial t cell receptors which are given a specific cell killing function against cancer cells
What is the role of monoclonal antibodies
joined to a chemotherapy drug or to a radioactive particle and take substance directly to cancer cell - stop the masking of cancer
