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Medicine Term One > Autonomic Nervous System (plus pharmacology of ANS and NMJ) > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System (plus pharmacology of ANS and NMJ) Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves does the autonomic NS respond from

A

Efferent nerves (motor neurons)

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2
Q

Whats Voluntary, somatic or autonomic

A

somatic

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3
Q

Whats a ganglion

A

group of nerve cell bodies linked by synapse passing on AP O—-C O—–C

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4
Q

Whats the swelling on a nerve fibre

A

Ganglion

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5
Q

Somatic differences to Autonomic

A

Specialised NMJ, isotropic receptors, always excited the cell,

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6
Q

What does Somatic NS always have

A

a large endplate potential

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7
Q

What receptors do Autonomic NS have

A

Metabotropic

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8
Q

what are Metabotropic receptors

A

G protein-coupled receptors

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9
Q

What does Autonomic system split into

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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10
Q

Parasympathetic where does ganglia lie

A

Ganglia lies closer to target, therefore long preganglionic fibres

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11
Q

Postganglionic fibre longer found in

A

Sympathetic

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12
Q

Sympathetic system exits from

A

Thoriac and Lumnar regions of the spinal chord T1-12 L1-2

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13
Q

White rams =

A

preganglionic fibres

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14
Q

Grey rams =

A

postganglionic fibres

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15
Q

Ramus

A

Communication branch

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16
Q

All ganglion fibres activated at same time by

A

convergence and divergence

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17
Q

ACH works on what receptors

A

cholingeric

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18
Q

Examples of cholingeric receptors

A

Nicotinic and muscarnic

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19
Q

Parasympathetic release what NT at preganglionic fibre on to what receptor

A

ACH on to nicotinic

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20
Q

A muscarnic receptor is

A

G protein coupled

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21
Q

Sympathetic post ganglionic fibre releases whats NT on to what receptor

A

Noradrenaline on to either alpha or Beta receptor

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22
Q

Parasympathetic post ganglionic fibre releases whats NT on to what receptor

A

ACH on muscarnic receptors

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23
Q

At a preganglionic fibre ACH is released on to what receptor into what NS

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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24
Q

Alpha 1 receptors cause

A

Contraction

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25
Q

Beta 2 receptors cause

A

Dilation

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26
Q

Noradrenaline NT only acts on what receptors

A

adregeneric

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27
Q

Examples of adregenric receptors

A

Alpha and Beta

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28
Q

Whats are Muscarnic receptors responsible for

A

smooth muscle

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29
Q

Parasympathetic NS exits spinal chord from

A

cranial

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30
Q

Sympathetic NS acts on salivary gland release what NT instead

A

ACH instead of noradrenaline

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31
Q

Non adregenric non cholingeric receptors (NANC) examples

A

Peptided and Nitric Oxide

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32
Q

Whats do NANC do

A

are correlated or released on their own

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33
Q

Sympathetic NS can release noradrenaline directly into (what does the show)

A

the blood, hormonal properties

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34
Q

Cholineric receptors are

A

ionotropic type receptors with an integral ion channel

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35
Q

Cillary Muscles contract in the eye, constricting pupil this is due to

A

ACH acting on muscarnic receptor in parasymathetic NS

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36
Q

For the Eye to focus close up

A

Cillary muscle contract and radial muscle dilate

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37
Q

The work of the Cillary muscle and the radial muscle in the eye is called

A

muscarinic anatgonist

38
Q

Eyes Dilate and focus far away by

A

noradrenlaine acting on B2 to relax the lens and A1 constricting the iris, dilating pupil allowing more light in to see far away

39
Q

What makes the heart contract

A

pacemaker cells depolarise

40
Q

Whats increase heart rate

A

noradrenaline acting on the beta receptors

41
Q

Parasympathetic NS has little effect on what in the heart

A

strength of hearts contractions

42
Q

B2 agonsits in the lungs e.g. and function

A

Salbutamol, dilates airways

43
Q

Parasympathetic NS on the eye activates and causes what to the spinchter

A

Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter muscle

Contracting & makes pupil smaller

44
Q

Parasymatheric has what effect on Blood Vessels

A

No effect

45
Q

Sympathetic NS alpha receptors cause what to happen in BV

A

Cause smooth muscle to contract in blood vessels

46
Q

What cause the BV to dilate and increase blood flow

A

Noradrenaline acting on Beta receptors

47
Q

why due to Tonic activity does parasympathetic have little effect

A

means there is always an ongoing activity hence why parasympathetic has little activity e.g. smooth muscle always a little but contacted

48
Q

Parasympathetic on the Gut

A

muscarnic receptors on gut wall increase gut mobility and muscarnic receptors on pancreas increase enzyme secretion

49
Q

Single intervention means

A

Controlled by tonic activity

50
Q

sympathetic system stimulates what two procedures in energy stores and increase what

A

glycogenolyis & gluconeogenesis

Increases lipolysis

51
Q

what is dual intervention

A

innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

52
Q

Example of dual intervention

A

Salivary gland, Parasymapthetic releases watery solution whilst sympathetic releases tick secretion rich in enzymes

53
Q

What do Beta receptors trigger in the bladder

A

relax smooth muscle of bladder wall, therefore reducing pressure

54
Q

sympathetic NS alpha receptors in the bladder cause

A

contract smooth muscle of sphincter and prevent urinations

55
Q

Whats controls the autonomic NS

A

Autonomic reflexes hypothalamus

56
Q

examples of autonomic receptors

A

baroreceptors detect blood pressure then influence activity

57
Q

What does hypothalamus do

A

coordinates autonomic, somatic and endocrine activity in a defence response

58
Q

Dual Intervention of reproductive tract

A

sympathetic causes ejaculation as Parasympathtic causes erection

59
Q

A dual intervention has

A

complimentary effects

60
Q

How can you stop efficiency of NMJ synapse

A

stop the Ach being packaged into the vesicles
Block Voltage gated calcium channels
Block vesicles fusing with receptors
Competitive antagonist stop ach activating receptor

61
Q

Whats blocks choline transport

A

hemicholinium

62
Q

what does black widow spider toxin

A

blocks the voltage gated Ca2+ channels

63
Q

Depolarising nicotinic receptors does what

A

continue to open cells, keeping cell depolorised therefore can’t fire AP, (short lasting action, can cause damage)

64
Q

Increases activity of NMJ synapse

A

Prolong AP,

Block acetylcholinesterase

65
Q

How do you prolong an AP in NMJ Synapse

A

Increase the number of calcium ions, increasing response

66
Q

Whats happens when you block acetylcholinesterase

A

ach hangs around synaptic cleft therefore activates more receptors and increases transmissions

67
Q

why would you want to block NMJ synapse

A

paralyse patients during surgery or ECT

68
Q

Non-depolarising or depolarising blockers used for paralysis during

A

surgical procedures
electroconvulsive therapy
controlling spasms in tetanus

69
Q

Botulinum toxin used for

A

treating muscle spasm

cosmetic procedures

70
Q

Anti-cholinesterases used for

A

treating myasthenic syndromes
reversing action of non-depolarising blockers
countering botulinum poisoning

71
Q

what includes both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems

A

connections between the preganglionic and the postganglionic autonomic fibres ach–nicotinic

72
Q

Whats receptors is present more in ganglionic receptor than NMJ receptor

A

nicotinic

73
Q

what is ganglia sensitive to that blocks ach channel

A

hexamethoneuns

74
Q

Why aren’t there any clinical applications to modifying ganglionic transmission

A

as drugs would modulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic transmission, therefore producing a range of complex signals

75
Q

whats do most therapeutically drugs target

A

postsynaptic muscarinic receptors

76
Q

Muscarinic agonists and antagonists

A

mimic or block effects caused by parasympathetic ns

77
Q

whats is glaucoma

A

raised intraocular pressure

78
Q

alpha agonists work the same usually as

A

beta blockers

79
Q

what do alpha agonists and beta blockers do in glaucoma

A

reduce the production of the aqueous humour fluid in the eyeball

80
Q

For glaucoma what does a muscarinic agonist do

A

contract the ciliary muscle supporting the lens,contract sphincter muscle of cell and seem to open up the trabecular network so aqueous humour drains through

81
Q

How can you manipulate postganglionic sympathetic transmission

A

By manipulating release of noradrenaline and adrenergic

82
Q

How do you inhibit postsynaptic sympathetic transmissions

A 
Block enzyme producing noradrenaline
Block transporter that fills vesicles 
introduce a fals transmitter 
Block alpha/beta postsynaptic receptors 
activate inhibitory presynaptic autoreceptors
inhibit volatge gate calcium channel
83
Q

What enzyme is blocked in the production of noradrenaline

A

dopadecarboxylase (dopa-dopamine)

84
Q

increase efficiency of postganglionic sympathetic transmission

A

stimulate noradrenaline release
inhibit uptake of noradrenaline from cleft back into neurones
Activate postsynaptic receptors

85
Q

Indirectly triggers the release noradrenaline is called

A

sympathomimetics

86
Q

what does cocaine do

A

inhibits uptake carrier leaving noradrenaline in synpatic cleft to activate postsynaptic receptors

87
Q

Noradrenaline breakdown

A

transmitter unactivated and only broken down in cells

88
Q

what are alpha 2 agonists clinical applications

A

treatment of hypertension

89
Q

what are beta2 agonists clinical applications

A

treatment of asthma e.g. salbutamol

90
Q

what are alpha 1 agonists clinical applications

A

used as decongestants and to dilate the pupil

91
Q

what are beta1 antagonists clinical applications

A

treatment of hypertension, angina and glaucoma

Medicine Term One (59 decks)

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