Tumour pathology 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define tumour

A

Abnormal growing mass of tissue

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2
Q

What are the two types of tumours

A

Benign and Malignant

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3
Q

Define cancer

A

The ability to invade into adjacent tissue and to spread and grow at other sites within the body

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4
Q

What is a benign tumour called in Glandular and Squamos tissue

A

Adenoma

Squamos papiloma

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5
Q

Where does no benign form of tumour exist but only malignant

A

White blood cells
Lymphoid tissue
CNS
PNS

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6
Q

What is the benign nomenclature of bone, fat and fibrous tissue

A

Osteoma
Lipoma
Fibroma

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7
Q

In epithelia tissue what is a malignant tumour called

A

Adeno Carcinoma

Squamos carcinoma

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8
Q

What is a malignant tumour called in WBC

A

Leukaemia

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9
Q

What is a malignant tumour called in lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphoma

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10
Q

What is a malignant tumour called in CNS

A

astrocytoma

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11
Q

What is a malignant tumour called in Peripheral NS

A

schwannoma

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12
Q

What are germ cell tumours called

A

Teratoma

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13
Q

What teratoma is benign

A

Ovarian

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14
Q

What teratoma is malignant

A

testicular

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15
Q

What are the features of Benign tumours

A

Non invasive growth pattern
encapsulated
Does not spread

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16
Q

What are the features of Malignant tumours

A

Invasive growth pattern
No capsule
Spread of cancer
Loss of normal function

17
Q

What are the 4 properties of cancer cells

A

Altered genetics
Altered cellular function
Abnormal morphology
Independent growth

18
Q

What altered cellular functions result in tumour formation

A

Loss of tumour suppressor genes

Gain function of oncogenes

19
Q

What is an oncogene

A

A mutation of a proto-oncongne that stimulates cell division

20
Q

How is cellular function altered in cancer cells

A

Loss of cell- cell/ cell - matrix adhesion

21
Q

What are the three tumour biomarkers

A

Onco fetal protein
oncogenes
growth factor and receptors

22
Q

What is a onco fetal protein

A

A protein that is showed expression in prenatal but switched of post natal until tumour present

23
Q

What is often present and abnormal in cancer cells

24
Q

How are tumour biomarkers used

A

To diagnose, prognose and predict treatment

25
What is the main abnormality in cancer cells
Morphology
26
Define Angiogenesis
Cell growth
27
What happens in tumour angiogenesis to sustain tumour growth
New blood vessel formation
28
what do blood vessels provide tumour with
route to enter cancer cells into circulation
29
What regulates tumour growth
apoptosis
30
What two ways can cancer be spread by
Invasiveness - surrounding tissue | Metastasis - other parts of the body
31
How are secondary tumours produced
through metastasis
32
What are the routes cancer can be spread
Local Lymphatic Blood Trans colomic spread
33
What is the pathway of local spread
malignant tumour invasion into connective tissue Invasion into lymph/BV
34
What is transcoelomic spread of cancer
spread of tumour cells across bod cavities
35
What size must a tumour roughly be to be clinically found
5mm
36
What pleural cavity does transcoelomic metastasis occur
Lungs
37
Where in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity does transcoelomic metastasis occur
stomach, colon and ovary
38
What is metastasis not related to
Blood flow
39
Common sites of metastasis
``` Liver Adrenal gland Brain Lung Bone ```