Principles of immunisation

Question 1

What is natural active immunity

Answer 1

Your body own immune response

Question 2

What is naturally passive immunity

Answer 2

Mother to child placental transferal of antibodies

Question 3

What is artificial passive immunity

Answer 3

Direct antibodies

Transferal of T cells

Question 4

What is artificially active immunity

Answer 4

Vaccination

Question 5

When would you give someone artificially passive immunity

Answer 5

for rapid response on past exposure

Question 6

Define Vaccination

Answer 6

administrating antigenic material to stimulate immune response so memory cells are produced and therefore in second exposure immune system is effective and rapid

Question 7

What is the benefit of active immunity

Answer 7

memory cells produced

Question 8

What antibody is first in response to an infection

Answer 8

IgM

Question 9

What antibody is ready for secondary exposure

Answer 9

IgG

Question 10

How are live organism made less pathogenic to be able to give as a vaccination

Answer 10

They are attenuated by repeated passage in cell culture generations

Question 11

What is the disadvantage to attenuated live organisms

Answer 11

to dangerous, as can revert back to virulent form and cause disease

Question 12

Name all the different types of vaccinations

Answer 12

Live attenuated vaccine 
Inactivated vaccine 
Acellular vaccine
Toxiod vaccine 
Subunit vaccine 
Conjugate vaccine 
DNA vaccines

Question 13

What are inactived vaccines

Answer 13

When a dead disease ridden microbe is injected stimulating an immune response

Question 14

What is the advantage and disadvantage of inactivated vaccine

Answer 14

adv. More stable than live vaccine

dis. Stimulate a weaker immune system response than do live vaccines (may need several boosters)

Question 15

Define what an adjuvant is

Answer 15

Enhances bodies immune response to an antigen

Question 16

What is a cellular vaccine

Answer 16

Give the antigenic part of the disease causing organism

Question 17

Advantages and disadvantages to cellular vaccine

Answer 17

Adv. cannot cause the disease

Dis. Needs booster shots, as doesn’t produce strong immune repose

Question 18

Who is the cellular vaccination most beneficial to

Answer 18

immunocompromised patients

Question 19

When is Toxoid Vaccination given and how does it work

Answer 19

Used when bacterial toxin is main cause of illness
patient is given an inactivated toxin (treated with formalin)
that tigers immune reopens to produce antibodies to block toxin

Question 20

What is a Subunit vaccine and its advantage

Answer 20

Use the bit of a disease causing organism that stimulates the immune response e.g. epitope
(lowers adverse reaction)

Question 21

What is a conjugate vaccine

Answer 21

Teaches immune system to recognise polysaccharide of a disease causing organism

Question 22

What is a DNA vaccine

Answer 22

Inject genes of disease into the body, highjacking intracellularly so cell surface secretes the DNAs antigen and displays is

Question 23

Advantage of DNA vaccine

Answer 23

evokes a strong antibody response

cannot cause the disease

Question 24

What adjuvant is commonly used in humans and why?

Answer 24

Aluminium salts
Cause only mild inflammatory response
generate memory