Therapeutics option

Question 1

What are prevention methods

Answer 1

diet
stop people from smoking
screening
genetics
medication

Question 2

What is an example of a screening test

Answer 2

cervical cancer smear test

Question 3

What are more controversial screenings

Answer 3

prostate cancer : PSA blood test
lung cancer : MR / CT scanning
breath test

Question 4

What is given to previous Head and neck, or lung cancer patients to prevent reoccurrence

Answer 4

give anti-oxidant supplements

Question 5

What can treatment either be

Answer 5

systemic

local

Question 6

What is examples of local treatment

Answer 6

radiotherapy

surgery

Question 7

What does surgery anatomically provide

Answer 7

anatomical clearance

Question 8

what does radiotherapy anatomically provide

Answer 8

anatomical coverage

Question 9

What is the benefit of radiotherapy compared to surgery

Answer 9

Maintain function or appearance
inoperable lesions - remove when surgery risk is to high
can make surgery become possible

Question 10

What is the five Rs of radiobiology

Answer 10

radiosensitivity
 repair
 re-population
 re- oxygenation
 re-assortment

Question 11

Define Radiosensitivity

Answer 11

relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation

Question 12

When are cells most radiosensitive

Answer 12

Cells are least sensitive when in the S phase, then the G1 phase, then the G2 phase, and most sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle

Question 13

What cells are most sensitive to radiotherapy

Answer 13

tumour cells

Question 14

what is the effect if tumour cells are hypoxic

Answer 14

less sensitive to X-rays because most of their effects are mediated by the free radicals produced by ionizing oxygen (tumour doesnt decrease as much)

Question 15

What do the five Rs of radiobiology provide

Answer 15

a means of understanding the success or failure of localised radiotherapy

Question 16

What factor effects radio sensitivity

Answer 16

age eg. over 40 radio sensitivity decreases

Question 17

What can prevents repopulation and repair of tumour

Answer 17

Intense treatment with short time frame

Question 18

What can radiotherapy be combined with

Answer 18

chemotherapy

Question 19

What role does radiotherapy play in palliate care

Answer 19

relive symptoms without curing

of pain, bleeding or swollen limbs

Question 20

what is systemic treatment beneficial for

Answer 20

widespread disease

Question 21

What is a negative possible effect of systemic treatment

Answer 21

widespread toxicity

Question 22

What is the four different scenarios that chemotherapy is used and why

Answer 22

‘curative’ -
palliative
adjuvant
‘neoadjuvant’

Question 23

When is a curative chemotherapy used

Answer 23

for complete remission, eliminate all cancer cells

Question 24

When is palliative chemotherapy used

Answer 24

for terminal cancer patients to relieve symptoms

Question 25

when is adjuvant chemotherapy used

Answer 25

used after all of the known and visible cancer has been removed surgically or with radiation

Question 26

When is neoadjuvant chemotherapy used

Answer 26

used before surgery to shrink tumour so its operable

Question 27

What is the two decisions involved in chemotherapy

Answer 27

toxicity vs benefit

‘cost’ vs benefit

Question 28

What does it mean if a breast cancer tumour is oestrogen positive

Answer 28

its expresses oestrogen receptors

Question 29

What is a hormonal treatment used for breast cancers expressing oestrogen receptors

Answer 29

tamoxifen

Question 30

What is a hormonal therapy used for the treatment of prostate cancer and what does it do

Answer 30

LHRH antagonist lower testosterone levels

Question 31

Hormonal therapy is used when

Answer 31

tumour growth is dependent on hormonal expression e.g. in breast cancer and prostate cancer

Question 32

What are the three immune therapies

Answer 32

monoclonal antibodies
programmed cell death pathway
CAR T-cell therapy

Question 33

What does the immune therapy of programmed cell death do

Answer 33

use immune system to attack foreign cancer cells

Question 34

What is CAR T cell therapy

Answer 34

Artificial t cell receptors which are given a specific cell killing function against cancer cells

Question 35

What is the role of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 35

joined to a chemotherapy drug or to a radioactive particle and take substance directly to cancer cell - stop the masking of cancer