6th - SS Chapter 12 The Roman Republic Notes Flashcards
(100 cards)
0
Q
What mountain range separates Italy from the rest of Europe to the north?
A
Alps
1
Q
What city lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula?
A
Rome
2
Q
What mountain range runs down the center of Italy?
A
Apennines
3
Q
Despite its many mountains, Italy has what type of landscape compared to Greece?
A
A less rugged landscape- easier to move across
4
Q
What provided plenty of transportation routes?
A
Many rivers
5
Q
The large, flat plains and the peninsula’s volcanos allowed for what?
A
Plenty of land with fertile soil for farming
6
Q
Ancient Rome was part of a region called what?
A
Latium
7
Q
Although we do not know exactly how Rome was founded, legend says Rome was founded by whom?
A
Twins named Romulus and Remus
8
Q
Who is believed to have help form Rome?
A
The Gods
9
Q
When was Rome first settled?
A
800 B.C.
10
Q
Where was Rome built?
A
By the Tiber River near where the river flows into the sea.
11
Q
What was the center of Rome’s government, religion and economy?
A
Forum
12
Q
What were some factors the helped Rome grow and prosper?
A
- City was built on seven hills which gave a natural defense against attack.
- Located on the Tiber River which gave it access to a port.
- Tiber River was too fast and dangerous for large ships to travel.
- Located on key trade routes
13
Q
Rome began as a what?
A
City-state
14
Q
What was Rome’s first form of government?
A
Monarchy- city was ruled by kings
15
Q
What positions did kings hold?
A
Head of the army (led Romans in war), chief priest, supreme judge and built buildings in the Forum.
16
Q
Roman kings led with the what of the wealthy aristocrats?
A
Consent
17
Q
Who formed the body called the senate?
A
Older male aristocrats
18
Q
Which Roman king mistreated his people?
A
The seventh king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud
19
Q
Over time, Romans grew tired of royal rule (mistreatment) and did what?
A
Overthrew the king and formed a republic
20
Q
What is a government in which citizens have the right to vote and elect officials?
A
A Republic
21
Q
As Roman power grew, they came into contact with different Italian people’s. How did this affect them?
A
They borrowed from these different cultures
22
Q
Who settled in Italy starting in 700 B.C. and influenced Roman culture?
A
The Greeks
23
Q
What are some examples of these influences in Roman culture?
A
- Romans made Greek mythology their own by identifying their gods with those of the Greeks
A. Zeus to Jupiter
B. Hera to Juno
C. Athena to Minerva - Romans adopted Greek legends and here’s
24
Who were the most powerful people in central Italy when Rome was founded and influenced the Roman culture?
The Etruscans
25
Where did the Etruscans live?
In Etruria, a region just north of Latium
26
What were the Etruscans known for?
As skilled builders and traders
27
By when did Rome rule all of Italy?
By 200 B.C.
28
What was the basic unit of the Roman army called?
Legion
29
What was a unit of between 60 and 160 soldiers in the Roman army?
Maniple
30
What gave the Roman army an advantage?
Their fighting style
31
Roman soldiers were builders as well as fighters. What did they build?
A temporary fort every night as well as roads and bridges
32
How did Rome gain power?
With the help of its allies
33
What did Rome give its allies?
Citizenship in return for loyalty
34
The Roman Republic was a unique system of government which was a combination of what?
Aristocratic, democratic and monarchical
35
What was Roman government structured by?
A constitution
36
What was the main idea in Rome's system of government?
Separation of powers
37
What was an example of separation of powers?
Splitting offices between two or more men
38
What were the two leaders they elected which held equal powers called?
Consul
39
What means to stop or cancel the action of a government official or body (each consul could do this to the other)?
Veto
40
What was another way Romans limited the power of officials?
By limiting their time in office to one year
41
Power was also divided among three branches of government. What were these?
1. Assemblies
2. Senate
3. Magistrates
42
This Separation of power among the branches allowed for what?
One branch could check or stop another branch from misusing its power.
43
Another principle that Roman government used was that the law applied to everyone. What was this called?
Rule of Law
44
What was the symbol of Roman citizenship?
The toga
45
What were the two orders of Roman citizens?
1. Patricians - members from the oldest and wealthiest in Rome
2. Plebeians - the majority of Romans, most were farmers and artisans
46
How did the plebeians force the patricians to open up political offices to them?
By going on strike
47
What was the democratic part of the Roman government?
The assemblies - this is were Roman citizens elected officials and passed laws
48
What was the part of the Roman government that worked like an oligarchy?
The senate - they didn't represent the people
49
What did the senate do?
It was the most powerful part of the Roman government. They advised the assemblies and magistrates, ran foreign policy and decided how to spend the state's money
50
The power of the magistrates made them like what?
Like monarchs
51
Politicians usually moved from lower offices to higher offices. What is this path called?
Race of Honors
52
The lowest office were accountants who kept track of the state's money. What were they called?
Quaestor
53
Who was in charge of holding festivals and maintaining public buildings? This was also the next step in the Race of Honors.
Aedile
54
Plebeians could run for the powerful office what before moving on to higher offices?
Tribunes of the Plebs
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After serving as an aedile or tribune, men could be elected as what who judged cases?
Praetor
56
Finally after serving as a praetor, politicians could be elected as what, who were top officials?
Consuls
57
What were the consul's jobs?
1. Lead the army
2. Preside over the senate and assemblies
3. Were the highest judges
58
What was the most successful and long-lasting republic until modern times?
Roman Republic
59
What modern government is based on the Roman Republic?
American government
60
What are some of commonalities between the American government and the Roman Republic?
1. Citizens have right to vote
2. Three branches of government
3. Checks and balances limit power
4. Rule of law applies to everyone
5. President/Tribune of the Plebs right to veto
6. Have a senate
7. Separation of power
61
What are some of differences between the American government and the Roman Republic?
1. We have a written constitution
2. We have a representative democracy not a direct democracy
3. Women can vote
4. Slavery is illegal
62
The powers of fathers, the oldest man in a Roman family was called what?
Paterfamilias
63
Who had absolute, or unlimited, power over his wife, children, slaves and underage siblings?
The father
64
When comparing Roman and Greek women which had more freedom?
Roman
65
What was the most important role of Roman women?
To bear children and raise them to follow traditions
66
What is the ideal Roman woman?
A faithful wife and mother devoted to her family
67
How did most wealthy Romans arm their money?
Agriculture
68
Many elite families owned large country homes called what?
Villas
69
What did wealthy women do?
They supervised the slaves who took care of their home and children
70
How did common Romans live?
In small apartments. Life was hard and dangerous. Many were tenant farmers or day labored
71
Slavery was very common in Ancient Rome. What percentage of people in Rome in 1 B C were slaves?
40%
72
What were the living conditions of slaves?
1. They had no rights and lived brutal lives.
2. Some lived in homes and were treated better
3. Some educated slaves worked as teachers - most of these were Greek
73
Some slaves fought back. Name one famous fighter.
Spartacus led an army of revel slaves and almost defeated the Romans
74
Romans worshipped ________________ of gods many of which were adapted from Greeks or Etruscans.
Hundreds
75
Roman had an official religion that was supported by the government. What was this called?
Established religion
76
Romans believed that maintaining good relations with the gods was port of who's job?
The government
77
Many believed that their success was due to their careful attention to the gods. Give an example of who believed this.
Cicero
78
Who did Rome fight for control of the western Mediterranean in a series of three wars?
Carthage
79
Where is Carthage located?
In North Africa
80
What countries/lands did Carthage control?
Parts of Spain and Sicily
81
What is significant about the second war with Carthage?
It nearly destroyed the Roman Republic
82
Who was Carthage's most successful general?
Hannibal
83
When did Rome finally destroy Carthage and gain control of most of the lands along the western half of the Mediterranean Sea?
146 B C
84
What was Rome divided into that made governing easier?
Provinces
85
Because government officials were very powerful, what was able to happened and what was the result?
The government became corrupt and slowly stopped working.
86
Although Rome was growing richer, many Romans were getting what?
Poorer
87
Landowners and employers were doing what instead of using poor Romans to do work?
Brought slaves
88
What did the government fear that Rome's poor would do?
Riot or start a revolution
89
Who was Gaius Marius?
A powerful consul
90
What is Gaius Marius known for?
He reformed or changed and improved the Roman army. He allowed even the poorest citizens to join the army by paying for their equipment.
91
With a strong and powerful army, the republic's commanders turned their armies against their rivals and senate causing what?
Civil wars
92
Why did Sulla fight a civil war against Marius?
Sulla was chosen to fight a rich enemy but the assembly voted to take this position away and give it to Marius. Sulla marched his troops to Rome to get his job back by force. Sulla won
93
Who were some new commanders rose up?
Pompey and Julius Caesar
94
Who won when Pompey and Caesar fought?
Caesar
95
After defeating Pompey, what did Caesar do?
Caesar took control of Rome and made himself a dictator for life.
96
Who was unhappy with Caesar and wanted to keep the republic as it was? What happened?
A group of Senators were unhappy and had Caesar murdered.
97
Who did Caesar leave his throne to?
His teenage relative, Octavian
98
Octavian swore to avenge Caesar's death. With his victory, the republic was dead. What was it replaced with?
A monarchy, the Roman Empire
99
Octavian became the first emperor and took what title??
Augustus
