6th - SS Chapter 4 notes

Question 0

What provided water for civilizations in northeastern Africa for thousands of years?

Answer 0

The Nile River

Question 1

Name some of the Egyptian advances that paved the way for later civilizations

Answer 1

1. Developed one of the first systems of writing
2. Preserved some of the world’s oldest records and works of literature
3. Built impressive pyramids
4. Produced beautiful works of art
5. Were accomplished mathematicians and scientists.

Question 2

What is the world’s longest river, more than 4,000 miles long and is surrounded by deserts?

Answer 2

The Nile River

Question 3

The Nile River slows down and fans out into many streams and marshy areas over which it drops silt (fine soil) which forms a triangular shaped area at the mouth of the river which is known as?

Answer 3

Nile Delta

Question 4

What is the region that the Nike Delta forms known as?

Answer 4

Lower Egypt

Question 5

The Egyptian civilization began along what?

Answer 5

The Nile River

Question 6

What area did the Nile River irrigate?

Answer 6

About 5 miles out on both sides of the River

Question 7

**

What are the sources of the Nike River?

Answer 7

The White Nile and the Blue Nile

Question 8

The Nile flooded yearly due to heavy rainfall in East Africa. When the flood waters drained away, the people living here would plant seeds in this fertile soil called?

Answer 8

“The Black Land”

Question 9

Without the Nile River, what would happen?

Answer 9

Crops could not grow and there would not be enough water for people to survive

Question 10

What made the Nile River impossible to sail directly from the Nile Delta to East Africa?

Answer 10

Cataracts - groups of rocky rapids.

Question 11

What was located on either side of the Black Lands?

Answer 11

Vast deserts which was called the “Red Land” which was a deadly place of hot burning sands.

Question 12

What did Egyptian farmers learn to do in order to irrigate their crops?

Answer 12

They learned to build earthen walls around fields to trap the Nile’s flood waters. This water soaked into the soil and allowed grains such as wheat to grow.

Question 13

What did this simple form of irrigation lead to?

Answer 13

The ability to produce a surplus of food.

Question 14

How did the Egyptian farmers learn to predict the Nile’s flooding?

Answer 14

They studied the stars, particularly Sirius which appeared around the time of the flooding

Question 15

Describe the Egyptian solar calendar.

Answer 15

They developed a solar calendar based on the sun with 12 months and 365 days.

Question 16

How did historians divide ancient Egypt kingdoms?

Answer 16

1. Old Kingdom - 2575 BC to 2181 BC
2. Middle Kingdom - 2090 BC to 1789 BC
3. New Kingdom - 1570 BC to 1070 BC

Question 17

During the New Kingdom, what did the kings become known as?

Answer 17

Pharaoh

Question 18

What was the New Kingdom known for?

Answer 18

It was the high point of ancient Egyptian power and prosperity however it eventually weakened and broke apart.

Question 19

How does legend say that Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in about 3150 BC?

Answer 19

King Menes lead his army into Lower Egypt and joined the two kingdoms.

Question 20

Like the Sumerians, Egyptians developed a type of writing based on drawing or symbol that represents a word or sound. What was this writing called?

Answer 20

Hieroglyphics

Question 21

Who were those who knew how to write?

Answer 21

Scribes

Question 22

What discovery allowed us to know the meaning of the hieroglyphics?

Answer 22

The discovery of the Rosetta Stone - this tablet contained translations in several languages and was the key to the meaning of hieroglyphics

Question 23

What material did the Egyptian’s invent that was very similar to paper?

Answer 23

Papyrus from papyrus reed which grew along the Nile River

Question 24

What were some of the advantages of papyrus over clay tablets?

Answer 24

1. Were able to write in ink - that was much easier than pressing letters into wet clay 2. Papyrus sheets were easier to transport 3. Papyrus sheets could last a very long time in the dry environment of Egypt

Question 25

What gives us a fuller sense of what was in the people's hearts and minds during their time?

Answer 25

Written records

Question 26

What was built for the Old Kingdom pharaohs?

Answer 26

Pyramids or stone tombs

Question 27

What did the Egyptians believe about their pharaohs even in death?

Answer 27

That they were gods

Question 28

What was included inside the pyramids?

Answer 28

They were filled with all the pharaoh's possessions and their preserved body or mummy

Question 29

What did the building of these large pyramid s show about the Egyptians?

Answer 29

Their command of mathematics and engineering

Question 30

Why did the Egyptians believe that the body must be preserved?

Answer 30

So that the spirit could find it and use it in the after life.

Question 31

What were the Egyptians religious beliefs?

Answer 31

They believed in many gods - were polytheistic

Question 32

Who was the Egyptian God of the sun?

Answer 32

Amon Re

Question 33

Who was the Egyptian God of the under world?

Answer 33

Osirins

Question 34

Who was the mother goddess of the Egyptians?

Answer 34

Iris

Question 35

Who were some of the lesser gods of the Egyptians?

Answer 35

Seth and Horus

Question 36

What grew during the Middle Kingdom causing the development of a new middle class?

Answer 36

Trade

Question 37

What was the new class system that came into being during the Middle Kingdom?

Answer 37

1. Pharaohs 2. Nobles and priests 3. Merchants, artisans, and scribes 4. Farmers and unskilled workers 5. Slaves

Question 38

During the Middle and New Kingdoms, the Egyptian pharaohs ruled with whom?

Answer 38

Their wives

Question 39

In 1350 BC, Pharaoh Amenhotep IV and his wife, Negertiti began to do what religiously?

Answer 39

They began worshipping a new sun god named Aten - abandoned polytheism and introduced worship centered around one God

Question 40

Why was Ramses II a different type of pharaoh?

Answer 40

He used war to expand his territory.

Question 41

Who did Ramses fight against during his reign?

Answer 41

Canaan, Syria, and Hittites

Question 42

What was another thing Ramses was known for?

Answer 42

Being a great builder - built more monuments than any other pharaoh

Question 43

What is the kingdom that extends from southern Egypt into the northern African country of Sudan?

Answer 43

Nubia

Question 44

The Nile's cataracts lay within Nubia. What affects did this have?

Answer 44

In Nubia the cataracts made it impossible to travel very far by boat so people travel on foot through the rugged desert.

Question 45

What was the Nubian created alphabet which is similar to the Egyptian hieroglyphics?

Answer 45

Meroitic script

Question 46

Although scholars have learned to read Meroitic script, they still don't understand the words. Where do we get our knowledge of Nubia?

Answer 46

From Egyptian writings

Question 47

What were the Nubian religious beliefs?

Answer 47

Believed in many gods - may have worshipped many of the same gods as Egyptians

Question 48

Although Nubians believed in the after life and built pyramids, how were they different than the Egyptians?

Answer 48

They were smaller and shaped differently

Question 49

Why did Egypt invade Nubia?

Answer 49

They were looking for resources

Question 50

What goods did Egypt depend on from Nubian trade?

Answer 50

Gold, ivory, cattle, slaves and ostrich feathers

Question 51

What did the Egyptians do to protect their trade routes?

Answer 51

They set up trade centers and forts in Nubia

Question 52

Why were the Nubians eager to trade?

Answer 52

They could not grow enough grain to meet their needs

Question 53

Due to trading between Egypt and Nubia, what did Nubia do?

Answer 53

Adopted many of the elements of the Egyptian culture - including Egyptian gods and pyramids

Question 54

In the mid-700s BC, a Nubian King (after Rames II) conquered what Egyptian city?

Answer 54

Thebes

Question 55

After conquering Thebes, Nubia continued to do what?

Answer 55

They continued to expand their control over Egypt.

Question 56

Pharaohs from Nubia ruled Egypt for how long?

Answer 56

Almost a hundred years

Question 57

What was the downfall of the Nubians' reign of power?

Answer 57

The Nubian need to expand their power soon caused them to be unable to protect their own territory

Question 58

Who gained control of Egypt from the Nubians around 665 BC?

Answer 58

The Assyrians

Question 59

What was the effect on Nubia of groups continually trying to rule Egypt because of their riches and good trade routes?

Answer 59

It had a negative effect on Nubia since it was closely linked to Egypt.