Flashcards in 9/28 Deck (65):
1
what can be overcome by high ate receptive nerve stimulation causing compound muscle fasciculation
botulin toxin
2
what is a drug that blocks the action of AcH when the vagus nerve si stimulated, causing bronchial dilation
ipratropium
3
what drug enhance the dilation effects seen in beta 2 agonist
ipratropium
4
what drug blocks the parasympathetic stimulation of tracheobronchial submucosal gland stimulation n the lungs
ipratropium
5
what are the preferred drugs for the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma
inhaled glucocorticoids like Flunisolide
6
how does theophylline work
blocks phosphodiesterase activity causing vasodilation by increasing cAMP
7
what disease has a decreases in ADAMTS13 which leads to large vWF multimuers that cause crovascualr plateltlt rich thrombi
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purport
8
what does TTP result in
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
9
direct and consensual light reflex comes from what part of the brain stem
midbrain ( cranial nerve 3 is there)
10
when light comes into the retina and is transmitted to the pretectal nucleus it is relayed to the bilaterally so the both eyes will read with what uncles
Edinger-Westphal nuclei
11
what cranial nerves are in the medulla
9 and 10
12
what is Gertsman syndrome
lesion of the left parietal area of the brain which caused
- right left confusion
- agraphia (disorder of writing and spelling)
- acalculia
13
what area of the brian controls horizontal gaze ( oculocephalic gaze)
pons
14
pinpoint pupils means the what brian structure is damage due to loss of descending sympathetic tracts
pons
15
how does the killed flu vaccine work
by producing antibody to hemagglutinin so that it cannot bind to the host cell and enter. it stops entering into the host cell
16
what kind of vaccine stimulates the MHC class and can generate CD 8 cells
live vaccine
17
what is the neuroamindias blocker that stops the release of irons
oseltamivir
18
a seizure that last more then 5 minuets or a series of seizures that happen without the gain of conciseness is known as
status epilepticus
19
what is the initial treatment for status epileptics
lorazepam and phenytoin
20
how does phenytoin work
it reduces the ability of sodium channels to recover m inactivation (anticonvulsant)
21
what two antisezuire drugs block sodium channels
phenytoin and carbamezepine
22
hat antisezuire drug blocks sodium channels and increases GABA levels
valproic acid
23
hat two drugs that are for seizures increase the action of GABA
benzos and phenobarbital
24
what antiseziure drug modulates GABA and Glutamate release
levetiracetam
25
what antisezuire drug blocks t type thalamic calcium channels
ethosuximide
26
what drug is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase that is responsible for the break down of GABA in the CNS
Vigabatrin
27
what is the cause of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
a mutation in the PIGA gene that cause a deficiency of GPI anchor, CD55 (decay accelerating factor) and CD 59 (MAC inhibitor) which inhibit complement from binding to RBC
28
what is a main cytokine that is produced in giant cell arteriritis
IL-6 (inflammation)
29
what is the inflammatory infiltrate in giant cell arteritis mainly composed of
CD4 cells and Macrophages
30
tocilizumab is what
monoclonal antibody against IL-6, treats giant cell arteritis
31
what is the mechanism behind hypoxic vasoconstriction in the lungs
there is an increase in pulmonary artery systolic calcium secondary to hypoxia induced modulation of K+ channels
32
when the secretory phase happen in the menstrual cycle
between ovulation and menses (day 15-28)
33
when does the proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle occur
in the beginning day 1-14 ( begins with the first say of menses and ends with ovulation)
34
linitus plastics " leather bottle stomach" is caused by
signet ring gastric adenocarcinoma
35
what is the underlying mechanism for Zener Diverticulum
cricothyroid muscle dysfunction
36
PDA is best heard at what heart sound
S2
37
what is the reason there are fluctuation in symptoms of parkinson patients on levodopa
progressive neruodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway
38
capsaicin causes a decrease in what
substance P (pain)
39
what is the most common benign liver tumor
cavernous hemangioma
40
what kind of liver cancer can regress with the termination of OCP
Hepatic Adenoma
41
what should you avoid doing to a cavernous hemangioma in the liver
biopsy because it can cause fatal hemorrhage
42
what converts urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia, causing an increase in pH
urease ( this is how H. Pylori lives in the acidic stomach)
43
what are the cells that shigella enters to cause shigellosis
the microfold (M cells) in ill peyers patches through endocytosis
44
history of thrombosis
spontaneous abortion
anticardiolipin AB
lupus anticoagulant
antiphospholipid syndrome
45
nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is most commonly associated with what
cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders like lupus
46
the ventral body of the pancreas forms what
ucinate prices and the main pancreatic duct
47
what is the triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus
gait ataxia
urinary incontinence
dementia
48
what inhibits the sacral micturition center
cerebral cortex
49
what relaxes the external sphincter when you are about to pee
pontine reticular formation
50
enlargement of the ventricles because there is decreased absorption of the CSF in the brian is?
normal pressure hydrocephalus
51
how does normal pressure hydrocephalus cause urge incontinnce
because there is no inhibition of peeing because of the lack of cerebral cortical fibers due to the increased ventricles with CSF. so the bladder gets full without the patient feeling like the bladder is full and it reflexively empties
52
egg shell calcifications of the hillier nodes and nodular densities are seen in
silicosis
53
pleural thickening, calcified plaques and pleural effusion are seen in
asbestosis
54
oligoclonal bands of IgG is seen in
MS
55
how does atherosclerosis begin
with endothelial cell injury
56
chronic lymphedema predisposes people to what problem
angiosarcoma
57
what is Stewart Treves Syndrome
it is when chronic lymphedema predisposes you to cutaneous angiosarcoma
58
dilation of the left ventricle when there is increased preload can result in what kind of murmur
mitral regurgitation
59
first line treatment for generalized anxiety disorder
cognitive therapy and then SSRI and SNRI
60
citalopram is what kind of medication
SSRI
61
what is bupropion
it is a NE and D re-uptake inhibitor used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and smoking cessation
62
treatment for social anxiety disorder
propranolol
63
what is the prophylaxis given to people who have been around meningococcal disease
rifampin
64
what drug treats ach activity in the gut causing nausea and vomiting
scopolamine and hoyscyamine
65