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BLOCK 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibiotic vitamin deficiency

A

Vitamin K by eliminating of gut flora

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2
Q

Effect of NSAIDS

A

Reduce prostaglandin production which increases gastric acid secretion

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3
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in lipogenesis

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase

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4
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Bone, skin and tendon

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5
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

Type 3 Cartilage

A

Reticular fibre- mutation of blood vessels Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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7
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basal lamina, basement membrane- targeted in goodpasture syndrome

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8
Q

Type 5 collagen

A

Interstitial tissue- mutated in Ehlers-danlos syndrome

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9
Q

Which vitamin is important for forming collagen?

A

Vitamin C which hydroxylates proline and lysine in collagen- deficiency in collagen causes poor wound healing and capillary fragility for gum bleeding

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10
Q

What is the cause of Ehlers Danlos

A

Abnormality in type 1 and 3 collagen

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11
Q

When does centrosome duplication occur?

A

S phase

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12
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is the shortest?

A

Mitosis- specifically anaphase

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13
Q

Which part of interphase is the fastest?

A

G2 phase

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14
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

G1 phase

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15
Q

What is the role of glucokinase?

A

Phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6 phosphoate

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16
Q

What are the energy stores in the body?

A

Glucose, protein, glycogen and fat as trialglycerol

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17
Q

What is a short term store of energy?

A

Glucose is the shortest and then glycogen that leasts less than a day

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18
Q

What is the longest store of energy?

A

Trialcglycerol

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19
Q

When is protein used as an energy store?

A

During starvation via gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

How does glycolysis occur?

A

Glucose activation from glucose -> glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate. This then will undergo substrate level phosphorylation to form pyruvate.

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21
Q

What are the rate limitating steps in glucose activation?

A

Hexokinase to form glucose-6 phosphate and phosphofructokinase to form fructose 1,6 bisphophate which are phosphorylation reactions that require ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, the final stage via pyruvate kinase requires ATP.

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22
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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23
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

Folding of protein into alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

Shape of protein due to R group interactions of amino acids.

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25
What is the protein quarternary structure?
Shape of protein due to poypetide chains
26
Cadherins
Cell adhesion molecules which form adheren junctions and homophilic interactions using Ca2+ to connect to cytoskeletin via beta catenin and alpha catenin internal segment.
27
Integrin
CAM with alpha and beta subunit that dissasociates when ligands bind to signal to intracellular domain
28
Selectin CAM
CAM with heterophilic interactions with carbohydrates on selectin proteins.
29
What are adheren junctions?
Structural junction that creates mechanical attachments via homodimer interactions with cadherens that support and anchor epithelia.
30
Desmomsomes
Localised patches of cell adhesion between desmodein and desmocollin adherin proteins which provide a link to cytoskeleton
31
Tight junctions
Formed of claudin and occludins that seal cells to regulate movement of substances in paracellular cleft
32
Gap junctions
Formed of connexin proteins that act as intracellular channels for movement of ions
33
Location of citric acid cycle
Mitochondrial matrix. Rate limiting step is isocitrate dehydrogenase
34
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase
35
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorlyase
36
Where is calcium mainly absorbed?
Small intestine
37
Which organelle transports organsims and other oganelles in the cell?
Microutbules- formed of alpha and beta-tubulin
38
Where are proteins translated?
Cytoplasmic ribosomes on RER
39
Role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in protein folding before modification at golig apparatus. Synthesises steroids, lipids and phospholipids. Does not have ribsoomes so it is smooth. This organelle is in excess in the gonads and skin oil glands
40
Function of peroxisomes
Catabolism of long chain fatty acids
41
Location of lipid synthesis
SER
42
Microarray
Study gene expression of thousands of genes simultaneously
43
Missense mutation
Point mutation that causes different amino acid to be produced
44
Nonsense mutation
Mutation that codes for stop codon and shortens chain
45
What is the start codon?
AUG
46
WHat is the stop codon?
UAA
47
DNA of mitochondria
Double stranded circular DNA
48
N-linked glycoslylation
Attachment of carbodhydrate to nitrogen atom that occurs in RER
49
Ubiquitination
Occurs in proteasome
50
RNA splicing
removing introns to form mRNA in the nucleus
51
Fat soluble vitamin
Vitamin A, D, E, k
52
Why does the golgi add molecules to proteins?
For trafficking by lysosomes
53
Breakdown of large molecules
Lysosyme and proteasome
54
Quiscent stage
Stage zero where cells no longer divide
55
What stage of the cell cycle determines lengTH?
G1
56
Which enzyme unwides DNA strands for copying?
DNA helicase
57
Site of ribosome production?
Nucleolus
58
Importance of B1
Co factor for TCA cycle intermediates
59
Effect of competitive enzyme inhibitors on Vmax?
No effect
60
What is the most common type of collagen?
Type 1 collagen
61
Silent mutation
Single base mutation which does notchange amino acid
62
DNA microarray
Shows DNA structure by order of size using a fluroescent tag
63
How do ketone bodies form?
Occurs during starvation.acetoacetate, b-hydroxybutyrate and acetone. In the fed state, fatty acid oxidation occurs to convert fatty acids into acetyl coA and acyl coA
64
How are long chain fatty acids synthesised?
From acetylcoA
65
What is the function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Generate ribulose-5-phosphate for producing amino acids and DNA. Generates NADPH (which is reduced NADP) which is important for fatty acid synthesise and steroid hormones and reduce oxidative stress.
66
Autocrine signalling
Acts on cell membrane of the same cell it's released from such as growth factors
67
Intracrine signalling
Acts within cell such as steroid hormones
68
Direct signalling
Type of juxtacrine signallingMoves between cells through gap junctions. Present in the heart to allow electrical signals to be generated
69
Paracrine singalling
Uses diffusion to reach target cells
70
Juxtacrine
Acts on cells with physical contact. Includes gap junctions and notch transmebrnae receptor signalling that translocates to the nucleus.
71
Nodes of Ranvier
Voltage gated Na+ channels in between myelin
72
Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Antibodies block voltage gated Ca2+ channels opening and prevent release of acetylcholine for muslce contraction
73
What is the DNA storage molecule?
Chromatin
74
Which type of conditio will always be inherited or not affect males?
X linked- affected males won't apss it onto son because otherwise son will be a copy of them since they need the Y to be identical
75
What DNA form is used in transcription?
Euchormatin which is unpacked
76
DNA synthesis
Requires folate. Dihydrofolate -> tetrahydrofolate via DHF reductase. Tetrahydrofolate donates methylgroup to dUMP -> dTMP. dTMP is a thymine/ a nucleotide monomer to form purine for DNA synthesis.
77
What is flurouracil?
Flurouracil (5-FU) is a topical cytotoxic drug to treat cancer. It is converted to F-DUMP which inhibits thymidylate synthase. Thymidylate synthase catalyses the conversion of dUMP -> dTMP (thymine) for thymine synthesis which inhibits gene expression. 5-FU can also be converted in-vivo to FUTP which replaces uracil in RNA to prevent RNA processing.
78
What is the short arm of a crhomosome?
P arm
79
What is the action of antibiotics?
Block tRNA which is used by prokaryotic enzymes for protein synthesis
80
What is the long arm of a chromosome?
Q arm
81
What is ATP turnover?
Our total body weight
82
What is an infinte energy store?
Adipose tissue
83
How can transcription factors rincrease gene expression?
Transcription facotrs can bind to enahncer gene region. Acetylation to histone protein, reducing DNA association for RNA polymerase to access DNA.
84
How can transcription factors reduce gene expression?
Bind to promoter gene to block RNA polymerase. They can cause deacetylation of histoe to strongly associate with DNA.
85
What is most polymorphic and used for identification?
Microsatellites like a dinucleotide being repeated. MHC is the most polymorphic
86
Genetic maps
Estimate of probability of recombination using linkage analysis
87
What is a single nucleotide variant?
Single nucleotide base difference
88
Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium
Predict genetic outcomes in non envolving population with random mating, large pop no migration, no mutation, no natural selection.
89
Majority of fluid in body?
IC fluid which is 2/3
90
What is the majroity of EC fluid?
Tissue fluid, then plasma fluid
91
Cause of oedema
Inflammation, lymphatic damage, low oncotic pressure due to low protein diet or kidney damage, high evenous pressure, due to tissue damage
92
What causes reabsorption?
Negative oncotic pressure due to plasma proteins
93
What causes filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure which is increased in oedema due to inflammation or high venous pressure in extreme
94
Specificity
specifity is the effect of a drug upon one individual pharmacological action.

Year 1 (191 decks)

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