BLock 8

Question 1

What is an importnat consideration for diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 1

Loss of proteins such as antibodies in the kidneys to increase infection suscpetiblity

Question 2

What causes the uterus to contract?

Answer 2

Prostaglandin.

Question 3

Which hormone increases during stress?

Answer 3

Cortisol and glucagon. Glucagon increases glucose availability for the sympathetic activation.

Question 4

What is the effect of cortisol and glucocorticoids on thyroid hormones?

Answer 4

Decreases thyroid hormones to direct energy to metabolism

Question 5

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 5

Anterograde and retorgrade amnesia caused by damage to hypothalamus and thalamus and B1/thiamine deficiency

Question 6

Which receptors does dopamine effect?

Answer 6

B1 agonist that causes chornoropy, inotopry, increases BP and alpha 1 agonist that causes vasoconstriction
Obturator nerve
Supplies adductor longus

Question 7

Nerve medially on thyroid gland, between oesophagus and trachea

Answer 7

Reccurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 8

Superior thyroid artery

Answer 8

Branch of external carotid artery

Question 9

Effect of insulin

Answer 9

Stimualtes Na+/K+ ATPase pump.

Question 10

Where is proinsulin formed?

Answer 10

RER of pancreatic beta cells

Question 11

Test for Addison’s disease

Answer 11

Synacthen test

Question 12

How does cortisol travel in the blood?

Answer 12

It is lipophilic and bound to cortisol binding globulin

Question 13

WHat stimulates insulin release?

Answer 13

Gastric acid inhibitors, beta agonists, amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, vagal nerve

Question 14

Effect of glucagon?

Answer 14

Increases somatostatin release

Question 15

Effect of insulin

Answer 15

Decreases somatostatin reease

Question 16

Effect of somatostatin

Answer 16

Decreases glucaogn and insulin

Question 17

What is the rate limiting step in steroid hormone formation?

Answer 17

Conversion of chlesterol to pregnenolone

Question 18

Acute phase of injury

Answer 18

Increased proteloysis, fevere, reduction in WBC, reduced transport protein s

Question 19

Insulin synthesis

Answer 19

Preproinsulin is synthesised in the nucleus. Pre-pro insulin is cleaved in the RER to form proinsulin. Proinsulin enters Golgi body and by action of endopeptidases, releases a C-peptide fragment.

Question 20

What stimulates prolactin release of the pituitary gland?

Answer 20

Thyrotropin releasing hormone and PRH that act on ammotrophs

Question 21

Effect of growth hromone?

Answer 21

Increases glycogenolysis, lipolysis + ketogenesis, stimulates protein synthesis, hypertension,

Question 22

Effect of insulin

Answer 22

Increases Na+.K+ ATPase pump when binding to receptors which causes hypokalemia in excess. In severe insulin deficiency, there is hyperkaelia

Question 23

Most abundant cell type in anterior pituitary gland

Answer 23

Somatotrophs

Question 24

Least common cell in adrenohypophysis

Answer 24

thyrotrophs

Question 25

Inhibition of insulin

Answer 25

Sympathetic nerves, adrenaline, beta blockers

Question 26

Effect of exercise on gluose?

Answer 26

Early drop because of increased muscle glucose uptake and late drop because of replacement of muscle nad liver glycogen. There is also occasional rise due to adrenaline and insulin.

Question 27

Glucagon structure

Answer 27

Simple polypetide chain produced when there is high amino acids or low blood glucose

Question 28

What attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?

Answer 28

Suspensory ligament of ovaries

Question 29

What attaches the cervix/vagina to posterior pelvic wall?

Answer 29

Uterosacral ligament

Question 30

What attaches cervix to lateral pelvic wall?

Answer 30

Cardinal ligament which contains the uterine vessels.

Question 31

Wjat are the layers of the scrotum? skin,

Answer 31

External spermatic fascia, internal spermatic fasica and parietal layer of tunica vaginalis

Question 32

What attaches the uterus, fallopian tjubes and ovaries to pelvic wall?

Answer 32

Broad ligament which contains the ovaries, fallopain tube and round lgiament

Question 33

Where is fertilisaiton likely to occur?

Answer 33

Ampulla of fallopian tube

Question 34

What is a salpingectomy?

Answer 34

Remvoal of fallopain tube

Question 35

What is post partum haemorrhae caused by?

Answer 35

Failure of terus to contract so oxytocin would be given to stimulate uterine contraction

Question 36

When does theca layer develop?

Answer 36

In pre-antral follicle

Question 37

What forms the external spermatic fascia?

Answer 37

External oblique aponeurosis

Question 38

What forms the blood-testis barrier?

Answer 38

Sertoli cells

Question 39

Response to hypoglycaemia

Answer 39

Stress response via sympathetic activation

Question 40

Where is HcG secreted?

Answer 40

Synctiotrophoblast after implantation to increase corpus luteum to produce progesterone

Question 41

Which hormone is an indicator of fertility?

Answer 41

Progesterone

Question 42

What is the change marked by primordial follicle -> primary follicle?

Answer 42

Zona pellucida

Question 43

Origin of tunica vaginalis?

Answer 43

Peritnoeum

Question 44

Which part of the follicle produces hormones to prepare womb?

Answer 44

Granulosa cells

Question 45

Gubernaculum

Answer 45

Determines path of testes descend from L2 vertebrae level in the abdominalcavity to the scrotum. Issue with this causes testicular torsion.

Question 46

Which fornix lies close to the rectouterine pouch?

Answer 46

Posterior fornix

Question 47

Normal position of uterus?

Answer 47

Anteflexed and anteverted

Question 48

What triggers ejection of milk?

Answer 48

Oxytocin

Question 49

Where is hcG produced

Answer 49

Synctiotrophoblast cells of the placenta

Question 50

Insulin receptor

Answer 50

Tyrosine kinase

Question 51

What deficiencies are expected with cystic fibrosis?

Answer 51

Vitamin A, D E and K due to reduced pancreatic lipase secretion

Question 52

What deficiencies are expected with cystic fibrosis?

Answer 52

Vitamin A, D E and K due to reduced pancreatic lipase secretion

Question 53

What reduces folate absorption?

Answer 53

Epilpetic medication phenytoin

Question 54

What induces labour excluding oxytocin?

Answer 54

Prostaglandin, a product of arachidionic acid

Question 55

What is the derivative of thyroid hormones?

Answer 55

Tyrosine

Question 56

Satiety center of hypothalamus

Answer 56

Ventromedial nucleus

Question 57

Leison to paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 57

Leads to diabetes insipidus

Question 58

Innervation of external anal sphincter

Answer 58

Inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve. Controlled by autonomic voluntary nervous system.

Question 59

Innervation of external urethra

Answer 59

Perineal branch of pudendal nerve this also supplies perineal muscles

Question 60

Action of prolactin

Answer 60

Ligand binds to prolactin receptors which stimulates dimerisation. Janus activated kinase (JAKS) proteins are then activated which cross phosphorylate the adjacent subunit of tyrosine residues on the intracellular catalyctic domain to activate it. STATS are signal transducer activator of transcription. They bind to the phosphorylated residues of the intracellular catalyctic domain and undergo tyrosine phosphorylation by JAKS. They dimersie and translocate to the nucleus to alter gene expression.