B2 W2

Question 1

What drives gas diffusion in the blood?

Answer 1

Partial pressure

Question 2

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 2

Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and left subclavian artery

Question 3

Atelectasis

Answer 3

Collapsed lung

Question 4

Ability of a gas to diffuse between alveolar air and blood

Answer 4

Diffusing capacity

Question 5

Fold of pleura from the lung root to the mediastinum to stabilise the inferior lobe

Answer 5

Pulmonary ligament

Question 6

Boyle’s law

Answer 6

Boyle’s law
Constant temp where volume is inversely proportional to pressure

Question 7

Lamina propia

Answer 7

Area under the epithelia which provides blood supply. It connects epithelia to smooth muscle and causes change in shape to epithelia.

Question 8

Superior mediastinum

Answer 8

Begins at T4/T5 and the 2nd costal cartilage

Question 9

What is O2 saturation in Hb?

Answer 9

SaO2

Question 10

Alveolar epithelia

Answer 10

Alveolar macrophages, type 1 pneumocytes and type 2 pneumocytes

Question 11

Tidal volume + IRV + ERV

Answer 11

Vital capacity

Question 12

Hypokalemia
Tachycardia
Low or normal BP
Loss of excess CO2 via hyperventilation; HCO3- decreases and ph rises.
Kidney excretes HCO3 and retains H+ to restore ph but HCO3- and CO2 is still low.

Answer 12

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 13

Effects of hyperkalemia

Answer 13

Hyperkalemia causes heart dysrhythmia. High K+ initially increases membrane excitability because membrane potential decreases and can cause tachycardia. But leads to refractory period and membrane is less likely to fully depolarise

Question 14

Effects of hypokalemia

Answer 14

Hypokalemia causes tachycardia. Low K+ increases resting membrane potential and duration of the refractory period.

Question 15

Amount of air forcefully exhaled after deep breath

Answer 15

Forced vital capacity

Question 16

Position of pulmonary artery in right lung hilum

Answer 16

Anterior

Question 17

Air in lungs after normal breath out

Answer 17

Functional capacity

Question 18

What contains the two pulmonary cavities and central mediastinum?

Answer 18

Thoracic cavity

Question 19

Where is the heart?

Answer 19

Middle mediastinum

Question 20

Connective tissue below mucosa which releases watery secretions

Answer 20

Submucosa- in the nose, it humidifies air

Question 21

Dead space + volume of air entering alveoli

Answer 21

Tidal volume

Question 22

Rib level of parietal pleura

Answer 22

10th rib

Question 23

Rib level of bottom of lungs

Answer 23

8th rib

Question 24

Which mediastinum contains the vagus nerve, oesophagus, thoracic duct, descending aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins, lymph nodes?

Answer 24

Inferior posterior mediastinum

Question 25

Stem cells of respiratory system

Answer 25

Basal cells

Question 26

Amount of air after normal breath out

Answer 26

Functional residual capacity

Question 27

ERV + RV

Answer 27

Functional residual capacity

Question 28

Opening of sphenoid sinus above the superior conchae

Answer 28

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 29

Amount of air left after full expiratory volume is exhaled

Answer 29

Residual volume

Question 30

What records the changes in volume of an organ?

Answer 30

Plethysmography

Question 31

Space between visceral and costal pleura where lungs expand into

Answer 31

Costamediastinal recess

Question 32

Azygous vein

Answer 32

Single vein which drains the chest wall,

Question 33

Cells that replace goblet cells in the bronchioles and secrete fluid

Answer 33

Clara cells

Question 34

Function of mucus

Answer 34

Creates a warm humid environment for respiratory epithelia

Question 35

Mediastinum which contains the phrenic nerve, deep cardiac plexus, pulmonary vasculature, heart and pericardium

Answer 35

Middle mediastinum

Question 35

Mediastinum which contains the phrenic nerve, deep cardiac plexus, pulmonary vasculature, heart and pericardium

Answer 35

Middle mediastinum

Question 36

Air following full expiratory volume

Answer 36

Residual volume

Question 37

Law where the volume of gas and temp is proportional

Answer 37

Charles' law

Question 38

Amount of O2 bound to Hb and in arterial blood

Answer 38

CaO2

Question 39

Receptors located in alveolar and bronchial walls close to capillaries. Afferents are unmyelinated C fibres or myelinated vagus nerves.

Answer 39

Juxtapulmonary receptors/juxtacapillary receptors

Question 40

What causes activation of the juxtapulmonary receptors?

Answer 40

Activated by increased fluid caused by oedema, alveolar wall fluid or pulmonary congestion as the product of inflammation. Reduces breathing, HR and induces relaxation of muscles

Question 41

Air left in the lungs after a breath out

Answer 41

Functional capacity

Question 42

Hyperkalemia Dysrhhythmia of heart Hyperreflexia Low BP Hypoventilation

Answer 42

Respiratory acidosis

Question 43

What is the response to respiratory acidosis?

Answer 43

Kidneys retain HCO3- and excrete H+ to restore ph. Increased ventilation. Levels of CO2 and HCO3- remain high

Question 44

Which mediastinum contains the aortic arch, brachiocephalic veins, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct?

Answer 44

Superior mediastinum

Question 45

Which mediastinum contains the Vagus nerve, oesophagus, azygous vein, hemiazygous, accessory hemiazygous and lymph nodes?

Answer 45

Posterior mediastinum

Question 46

The additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Answer 46

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 47

Conducting zone

Answer 47

Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 48

Openings in alveolar walls which allows gases and macrophages to travel

Answer 48

Pores of Kohn

Question 49

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Answer 49

Functional residual capacity

Question 50

Vt + IRV + ERV

Answer 50

Vital capacity

Question 51

Which effect is the uptake of O2 by deoxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 51

Haldane effect

Question 52

What are the components of the respiratory zone?

Answer 52

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 53

Lingula

Answer 53

On the left lung, below the cardiac notch

Question 54

Which receptors are involved in the Hering-Bruer reflex?

Answer 54

Mechanoreceptors

Question 55

Which effect is the release of O2 from HbO2 due to increased levels of CO2 in the blood/lower ph?

Answer 55

Bohr Effect

Question 56

Which fissure is present in both lungs?

Answer 56

Oblique fissure

Question 57

Type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 57

Form occluding junctions and form blood-gas interface in alveoli. Formed of simple squamous epithelia.

Question 58

Type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 58

Cuboidal alveolar cells which secrete surfactant and can form occluding junctions.