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B4 W2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells in connective tissue which produce cytokines and costimulatory molecules

A

Dendritic cells

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2
Q

Light is shined through sample to test platelet clotting

A

Platelet aggregometry

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3
Q

Which inflammatory mediators are synthesised in all leukocytes?

A

Leukotrienes and oxygen species

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4
Q

Dense granules

A

Granules containing vasoconstrictive agents, platelet antagonists and Ca2+ and Mg2+

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5
Q

Resolvins E-series

A

Anti inflammatory mediators from omega-3 which clear mucosa and target mucosal epithelial cells and neutrophils

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6
Q

What does partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test?

A

Intrinsic pathway coagulation

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7
Q

Isotype

A

Antibody class Encoded by constant region of IgG gene and form FC and Fab of antibody

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8
Q

What does PT time test?

A

Extrinsic pathway coagulation

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8
Q

Isotype

A

Classification of antibodies, encoded by the constant region of Ig gene and form Fc and Fab

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9
Q

Immunotherapeutic antibodies

A

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

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10
Q

MHC Class II

A

Carries peptides in endosomes to present antigen to CD4+ T cell. survey for exogenous pathogens

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11
Q

MHC Class I vs Class II structure

A

Both are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta chain. Class I has only a single transmembrane portion which is alpha. Class II has both alpha and beta as transmembrane.

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12
Q

MHC Class which uses protesome to present antigen

A

MHC Class I- expressed on all nucleated cells to alert immune system to virally infected cells

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13
Q

Factor Ia

A

Fibrin

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14
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

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15
Q

Immunogoblin with secretory component. It occurs as monomer and dimer

A

IgA which provides localised protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and virus via proteolytic digestion.

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16
Q

Pentameric antibody

A

IgM- First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells and causes agglutination and lysis

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17
Q

Platelet adhesion vs platelet plug

A

Platelet adhesion is first step where it attaches to the subendothelial layer. It is part of the Platelet plug formation when there is platelet interactions to form a clot

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18
Q

Inflammatory mediator produced by all leukocytes and endothelial cells

A

Platelet activating factor

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19
Q

Factor activated by thrombin which combines with fibrin to form clot

A

Factor XIII

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20
Q

Factor which activates thrombin

A

Factor X

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21
Q

Factor IIa

A

Thrombin

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22
Q

Anti-platelet drug which inhibits ADP

A

Clopidogrel

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23
Q

Tubes which allow platelet granules to move and be secreted

A

Surface connected open canalicular system

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24
Haemophilia caused by Factor VIII deficiency
Haemophilia A
25
Which cells secrete Nitric oxide?
Endothelial cells and macrophages
25
Factor I
Fibrinogen
26
Drugs targeted to COX-2
Coxibs which allow for anti-inflammatory effects and minimise gastric problems
27
Deficient acquired immune response due to defect in enzyme for somatic recombination
Severe chronic immunodeficiency
28
Clotting disorder with deficient factor IX
Haemophilia B
29
Factor II
Pro-thrombin
30
Pre-formed inflammatory mediator in secretory granules of neutrophils and macrophages
Lysosymal enzymes
31
T cell against helminths
CD4+ Th2 cells
32
Where is serotonin synthesised and stored?
Platelets
33
Side effects of NSAIDS
Abdominal discomfort, ulcers and myocardial infarction
34
Inactive T cells
Senescent, anergic, exhausted
35
NO-NSAID
Celecoxib which has gastroprotective effect but it increases hyperkalaemia and bleeding
36
Which cells synthesis leukotrienes?
All WBCS
37
Which area is the high affinity selection centre in B cells?
Light zone in germinal centre where B cells with antibodies for high affinity to the antibody are selected following antigen contact in the follicle. In the dark zone, point mutations introduced in the V segment in order to increase the antibody affinity for clonal differentiation. This uses the enzyme activated cytidine deaminase in a process called somatic hypermutation.
38
Site of somatic hypermutation
Dark zones of germinal centre
39
T cell which enhances intracellular pathogen destruction
CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ T cells
40
Thromboxane A2
Causes platelet activation and aggregation and vasoconstriction and thrombosis
41
Aspirin indication
Ischaemia, angina, MI
42
Role of vitamin K
Carboxylate glutamic residues
43
Vitamin K- factor synthesis
Factor II, VII, IX and X rely on this
44
Fragment crystallisable
Functional capacity of antibody
45
Platelet agonists in dense granules
ADP and ATP
46
Is PT or PTT affected with decreased platelet function?
Both- caused by Thrombocytopenia, vWF disease
47
How is factor X activated?
Factor VIII and Factor IX
48
COX-2 activation
Activated by inflammatory stimuli
49
Enzyme which converts phospholipids to arachidionic acid
Phospholipase A
50
COX enzyme which is constantly active
COX-1
51
Coagulation test for extrinsic pathway
Prothrombin time
52
Defective factor VII, IX, XI, XII, vwF or lupus anticoagulant
Normal PT, prolonged PTT
53
Enzyme responsible for somatic hypermutation
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase- also responsible for class switching
54
Factor II
Thrombin
55
Lymphoid tissue with no incoming lymphatic vessels
MALT
56
Number/strength of multiple antigenic determinants an individual antibody can bind
Avidity
57
Unresponsive T cells due to suboptimal stimulation
Anergic T cells
58
How does antigen presentation occur?
MHC transports antigen via packaging to the cell surface and present to T cells
59
What do cytotoxic T cells produce?
Lymphotoxins such as perforins and granzymes
60
T cell for auto-immunity, anti-fungal response and neutrophils
CD4+ Th17 cell
61
Which PT or PTT is affected with liver disease, decreased vitamin K and factor VII?
PT prolonged
62
Which cells produce histamine?
Mast cell, basophils, platelets
63
Which clotting factors does the liver not produce?
vWF and natural anti-coagulants like antithrombin
64
Where do B cells mature?
In the red bone marrow
65
Inflammatory mediator synthesised in platelets, endothelial cells and leukocytes
Prostaglandins
66
Side effects of glucocorticoid use
CNS impact is emotional disturbance, hypertension, obesity, hyperplasia, osteopororsis, muscle wasting
67
Test for extrinsic pathway
Prothrombin test
68
Test for intrinsic pathway
Partial thromboplastin time
69
Requirements of T cell activation
TCR engagement with antigen, co-stimulation to ensure antigen is pathogenic and cytokine for differentiation
70
Vasodilation
Stimulated by prostacyclin, prostaglandin, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, C3a and C5a
71
Source of bradykinin
Liver
72
Strength of multiple interactions
Avidity
72
Which cells are responsible for isotype switching and affinity maturation?
Follicular T helper cells
73
Moleucles which promote WBC adhesion to endothelium to roll along and enter via diapedesis
Selectins and integrins
74
Selectins
Transmembrane glycoprotein present on endothelium to promote WBC rolling
75
Formation of a blood clot via fibrinogen -> fibrin
Coagulation
76
MHC2 restricted T cells
CD4+ T cells
77
Aspirin
Antithrombotic drug which is a thromboxane inhibitor
78
Fibroblast
Connective tissue cell which produces collagen and prostaglandins
79
Platelet activating factor effects
Platelet agggregation, Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction and chemotaxis
80
Platelet activating factor
Membrane phospholipid derivative which causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, produced by a blood component
81
Which cells produce platelet activating factor?
Endothelial cell and all WBC
82
Serotonin synthesised and stored in these cells
Platelets
83
Somatic recombination
The combination of the gene segments V, D and J. V for the variable region in the heavy or light chain which determines subclass, D for diversity and J for the junction gene segment connecting V and D. Junctional diversity is the difference between the joining of the gene segments that occurs during the addition of nucleotides to the DNA sequence. This is responsible for the fixed specificity of B cells.
84
Clopidogrel
Antithrombotic ADP antagonist
85
Endoperoxide
Intermediate for prostaglandin synthesis
86
Binds to natural anticoagulant antithrombin to activate it.
Unfractionated heparin
87
Function of anti-thrombin
Natural anticoagulant not produced by the liver which inactivates Fxa and thrombin
88
Binds to and inhibits factor Xa
LMW Heparin
89
Cell which helps germinal centres form
CD4+ T helper cell
90
Cell which helps B cell antibody affinity maturation
CD4+ follicular T helper cell
91
Senescent T cells
T cells with excessive replication that undergo telomere shortening for terminal differentiation
92
Test which measures blood clotting by placing metal ball inside mixture
Coagulation test
93
Produced by neutrophils and promote vasodilation
Toxic oxygen radicals
94
Alpha granule specific protein
P-selectin- transmembrane protein for platelet rolling
95
First antibody to be secreted after initial antigen exposure
IgM
96
Most abundant antibody which can cross the placenta and enhance phagocytosis
IgG
97
Antigen presenting cells
B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells
98
T cells which recognise antigens present on any nucleated cell
CD8+ T cells that are MHCI restricted
99
Prostacyclin effects
Vasodilation and platelet aggregation
100
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Autosomal recessive bleeding with mutations affecting GPIIb/ IIIa
101
Encoded by constant region of Ig gene to form Fc and Fab
Isotype
102
Drug which competes to bind to active site
Orthosteric
103
MHC Class which surveys for endogenous pathogens
MHC Class I
104
Glycoprotein receptor on platelets for fibrinogen and vwF on the endothelium
GPIIB/IIIA
105
Lipoxin
anti-Inflammatory mediator from arachidonic acid which decrease angiogenesis and increase phagocytosis by targeting neutrophils and macrophages
106
MHC Class 2
Present on antigen presenting cells like macrophages and basophils and presents antigen in endosome to CD4+ T cell.
107
Antibody involved in allergic response and provides protection against parasitic worms.
IgE
108
Least common antibody
IgE
109
Costimulation
T cell only becomes activated when bound to antigen and receives cytokine signal
110
What is the role of maresins?
Anti-inflammatory Increases tissue regeneration and reduces pain.
111
What is the function of resolvins?
Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and inhibit macroglia activation.
111
What is the role of protectins?
Reduce T cell migration and the production of inflammatory cytokines for microglial cells.
112
What is the role of bradykinin?
Vasodilation, nocioception for pain, plasma extravasation (increased vascular permeability that allows plasma containing WBC to leak)
113
Thrombocytopenia purpura
Bleeding disorder caused by low platelet count. Caused by immune response, hapten drug such as pencillin or genetic

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