Chapter 28 Part B: Stramenopiles & Alveolates

Question 1

Highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities

Answer 1

SAR

Question 2

What are the 3 clades of SAR?

Answer 2

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

Question 3

What are the 3 subgroups of Stramenopiles?

Answer 3

Diatoms, Brown algae, and Oomycetes

Question 4

This clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth

Answer 4

Stramenopiles

Question 5

What type of flagellum do Stramenopiles have?

Answer 5

“Hairy” paired with “smooth”

Question 6

Which subgroup of is an unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide? Which clade is it a part of?

Answer 6

Diatoms; Stramenopiles

Question 7

What does the glass-like wall of silicon dioxide in Diatoms do?

Answer 7

Protects from crushing jaws of predators

Question 8

How many species of Diatoms are there?

Answer 8

100,000

Question 9

_______ compose much of the _______ in the ocean and lakes.

Answer 9

Diatoms; phytoplankton

Question 10

________ are so abundant and widespread that their _____________ activity affects global ____ levels

Answer 10

Diatoms; photosynthetic; CO2

Question 11

What happens after a Diatom blooms?

Answer 11

Many dead individuals fall to the ocean floor, decomposition is slow.

Question 12

______ in the _______ produce the brown color

Answer 12

Carotenoids; plastids

Question 13

The breakdown and release of ______ stored in the _______ on the ocean floor can take _______.

Answer 13

Carbon; Diatoms; centuries

Question 14

What is a proposed approach to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels?

Answer 14

Promoting diatom blooms; fertilizing the ocean with essential nutrients

Question 15

What is the largest and most complex multicellular algae?

Answer 15

Brown algae

Question 16

What is an example of brown algae?

Answer 16

Seaweed

Question 17

What are the 3 parts of the Brown algae?

Answer 17

Holdfast, Stipe, and Blade

Question 18

What keeps the photosynthetic structures of the Brown Algae near the water surface?

Answer 18

Gas-filled, bubble-shaped floats

Question 19

What do Brown algae lack?

Answer 19

True tissues and organs found in plants

Question 20

Important commodities for humans

Answer 20

Brown algae

Question 21

What is another example of a Brown algae?

Answer 21

Laminaria

Question 22

In Brown algae, what is used as a thickener in many processed foods?

Answer 22

Algin

Question 23

A gel-forming substance found in the cell wall of Brown algae

Answer 23

Algin

Question 24

What have evolved among the multicellular algae?

Answer 24

Variety of life cycles

Question 25

Haploid and diploid stages are multicellular

Answer 25

Alternation of generations

Question 26

Diploid generation is called a ________ because it produces ______.

Answer 26

Sporophyte; spores

Question 27

______ spores develop into __________ haploid ___________

Answer 27

Haploid; multicellular; gametophytes

Question 28

What produce haploid gametes?

Answer 28

Gametophytes

Question 29

Gametophytes produce

Answer 29

Haploid gametes

Question 30

Fertilization of _______ results in a ________ zygote

Answer 30

Gametes; diploid

Question 31

Diploid zygotes develop into a new _______

Answer 31

Sporophyte

Question 32

A new sporophyte develops from a _______ ________

Answer 32

Diploid zygote

Question 33

Laminaria is an example of what kind of species?

Answer 33

Heteromorphic species

Question 34

Laminaria have structurally different ________ and ________.

Answer 34

Gametophytes; sporophytes

Question 35

_________ species have ______phytes and _______phytes that look similar to each other.

Answer 35

Isomorphic; gametophytes; sporophytes

Question 36

What 3 things are included in the subgroup Oomycetes

Answer 36

Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews

Question 37

What were Oomycetes misidentified as before? Why?

Answer 37

Fungi; multi nuclear filaments

Question 38

What is the one key difference of Oomycetes to the other subgroups?

Answer 38

Cell walls are composed of cellulose, rather than chitin

Question 39

T/F: Oomycetes and fungi are closely related

Answer 39

F: they are NOT closely related based on molecular analysis

Question 40

What are Oomycetes related to?

Answer 40

Plastid-bearing groups

Question 41

What 2 things do Oomycetes not have/do?

Answer 41

Plastids or perform photosynthesis

Question 42

Oomycetes acquires nutrients through __________ or _________.

Answer 42

Parasitism; decomposition

Question 43

What Oomycetes example kills potato crops?

Answer 43

Phytophthora infestans

Question 44

What does the “A” in SAR stand for?

Answer 44

Alveolates

Question 45

This clade have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.

Answer 45

Alveolates

Question 46

What are the 3 subgroups in Alveolates?

Answer 46

Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

Question 47

This subgroup are abundant components of marine and freshwater plankton

Answer 47

Dinoflagellates

Question 48

Dinoflagellates have ______ flagella housed in the grooves of armor-like _______ plates that surround the cell.

Answer 48

2; cellulose

Question 49

What causes the dinoflagellates to spin as they move through water?

Answer 49

Spiral flagella

Question 50

What cause “red tides”?

Answer 50

Dinoflagellates blooms

Question 51

When the water appears brownish red or pink

Answer 51

Red tides

Question 52

Why does the water appear brownish red or pink in a “red tide”?

Answer 52

Due to the carotenoids present in their plastids

Question 53

Red tides are ______ and can cause massive kills of ___________ and ____

Answer 53

Toxic; invertebrates; fish

Question 54

What is facilitating more frequent red tides? What is causing this?

Answer 54

Ocean warming; climate change

Question 55

Nearly all ____________ are parasites of animals.

Answer 55

Apicomplexans

Question 56

Apicomplexans spread through the host as infectious cells called

Answer 56

Sporozoites

Question 57

AKA the cell end

Answer 57

Apex

Question 58

What does the apex contain?

Answer 58

Complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

Question 59

This subgroup of Alveolates has most life cycles include both sexual and asexual stage and require 2 or more different hosts

Answer 59

Apicomplexans

Question 60

What is an example of an Apicomplexan

Answer 60

Plasmodium

Question 61

What is Plasmodium?

Answer 61

A parasite causing malaria; lives in both mosquitoes and humans

Question 62

Evades the host immune system by living inside cells and continually changing its surface proteins

Answer 62

Plasmodium

Question 63

Which subgroup of Alveolates are named for their use of cilia to move around and feed on bacteria or other protists?

Answer 63

Ciliates

Question 64

Where are the cilia located on Ciliates?

Answer 64

Completely cover the cell surface; clustered in a few rows or tufts

Question 65

What is an example of a ciliate?

Answer 65

Paramecium caudatum

Question 66

How many types of nuclei do Ciliates have?

Answer 66

2

Question 67

What are the types of Ciliate nuclei?

Answer 67

Tiny micronuclei and large macronuclei

Question 68

For Ciliates, each cell has ____ or ______ copies of each type

Answer 68

One; more

Question 69

What type of Ciliate nuclei have multiple copies of the genome?

Answer 69

Macronuclei

Question 70

Which type of Ciliate nuclei may be diploid or haploid, depending on the life stage?

Answer 70

Micronuclei

Question 71

Produces genetic variation without reproduction through the exchange of micronuclei.

Answer 71

Conjugation

Question 72

What in Ciliates occurs by binary fission?

Answer 72

Asexual reproduction

Question 73

During _______ ________, the ____________ dissolves and a new one is formed from _________.

Answer 73

Binary fission; macronucleus; micronuclei