Chapter 40: Animal Form And Function Slide 1-58 Flashcards
1
Q
How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?
A
Form
Function
Behavior
2
Q
What help maintain an animal’s internal environment?
A
Adaptations in form, function, and behavior
3
Q
Anatomy
A
Form
4
Q
Physiology
A
Function
5
Q
For penguins, insulating reduces heat loss is an example of
A
Form
6
Q
For penguins, shivering produces heat is an example of
A
Function
7
Q
For penguins, packing together reduces exposure is a example of
A
Behavior
8
Q
All animals must obtain __________ and ___________, fight off infection, and survive to produce offspring
A
Nutrients; oxygen
9
Q
Biological structure
A
Anatomy
10
Q
Biological function
A
Physiology
11
Q
The ______ ______ of an animal is programmed by the genome
A
Body plan
12
Q
What’s limit the range of animal forms?
A
Physical laws (strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange)
13
Q
What limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals?
A
Properties of water
14
Q
As animals increase in size, _________ skeletons are required for support
A
Thicker
15
Q
What represent a larger fraction of the total body mass
A
Muscles (for locomotion)
16
Q
At some point, ________ becomes limited
A
Mobility
17
Q
What materials must be exchanged across the plasma membrane of animal cells?
A
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
18
Q
Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s ________ _____
A
Surface area
19
Q
_______ ___ __________ that must be exchanged is proportional to a cell’s volume
A
Amount of material
20
Q
What has sufficient surface area to carry out all necessary exchange?
A
Single-celled organism living in water
21
Q
Multicellular organizations only work if every cell has access to a suitable
A
Aqueous environment
22
Q
This animal’s cells are in direct contact with their environment
A
Tapeworms (flat animals)
23
Q
Enable sufficient exchange with the environment
A
Extensively branched or folded structures
24
Q
The space between cells filled with __________ _______, which links exchange surfaces to body cells
A
Interstitial fluid
25
Help an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Complex body plan
26
Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function
Tissues
27
Tissues make up
Organs
28
Organs together make up an
Organ system
29
What organ belongs to more than one organ system
Pancreas
30
What are the 4 main types of animal tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
31
Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
Epithelial tissue
32
Contains cells that are closely packed
Epithelial
33
What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells
Cuboidal (dice)
Columnar (bricks)
Squamous (floor tiles)
34
Holds many tissues and organs together in place
Connective tissue
35
Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix
Connective tissue
36
Consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
Extracellular matrix
37
Connective tissue contains cells including
Fibroblasts and macrophages
38
Secrete fiber proteins
Fibroblasts
39
Engulf foreign particles and cell debris by phagocytosis
Macrophages
40
What are all three types of connective tissue fiber made of?
Protein
41
What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers
Collagenous
Reticular
Elastic
42
This fiber provides strength and flexibility
Collagenous
43
This fiber join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Reticular
44
This fiber stretch and snap back to their original length
Elastic
45
In __________, the fibers and foundation combine to form 6 major types of connective tissue
Vertebrates
46
What are the 6 major types of connective tissue
Loose
Fibrous
Bone
Adipose
Blood
Cartilage
47
This tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues
Loose
48
This tissue holds organs in place
Loose
49
This tissue is found in tendons and ligaments
Fibrous
50
Attach muscles to bones
Tendons
51
Connect bones at joints
Ligaments
52
This tissue is mineralized and forms the skeleton
Bone
53
This tissue stores fat for insulation and fuel
Adipose
54
This tissue is composed of blood cells and cells fragments in blood plasma
Blood
55
This tissue is strong and flexible support material
Cartilage
56
This type of tissue is responsible for nearly all types of body movement
Muscle
57
Muscle cells consist of what 2 filaments
Actin and myosin
58
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Stood
Cardiac
59
This type of tissue is striated
Skeletal
60
This type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement
Skeletal
61
This type of tissue is responsible for involuntary body activities
Smooth
62
This type of tissue is responsible for contraction of the heart
Cardiac
63
This tissue functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information
Nervous
64
What 2 structures do nervous tissue contain?
Neurons
Glial cells (glia)
65
“Nerve cells”; transmit nerve impulses
Neurons
66
“Glia”; support cells
Glial cells
67
What are the 2 major systems for coordinating and controlling response to stimuli
Endocrine
Nervous
68
This system release signaling molecules that are carried to all location in the body
Endocrine
69
This system transmits information along dedicated routes, connecting specific locations in the body
Nervous
70
Signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the _____________ system are called
Hormones; endocrine
71
How long can a hormone remain in the bloodstream?
Minutes or even hours
72
In the nervous system, signals called ________ _________ travel to specific targets cells along communication lines consisting mainly of _______
Nerve impulses; axons
73
Is very fast, and last only a fraction of second
Nerve signal transmission
74
The information conveyed by the nervous system depends on
The pathway the signal takes
75
Communication in the NS usually involves _______ _____ ______ type of signal
More than one
76
____________ system well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body
Endocrine
77
___________ system is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment
Nervous
78
This system(s) maintain a stable internal environment
Endocrine and nervous
79
Animals manage their internal environment by either ______________ or _________
Regulating; conforming
80
An animal that is a ___________ uses internal control mechanism to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
Regulator
81
A ___________ allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
Conformer
82
Organisms use _____________ to maintain a “steady state” — a relatively constant internal environment — regardless of external environment
Homeostasis
83
What 3 things in the human body are each maintained at a fairly constant level
Temperature
Blood pH
Glucose concentration
84
What maintains the internal environment in many animals?
Feedback control
85
The homeostatic control system in animals maintains a variable at or near a particular value or
Set point
86
A fluctuation above or below the set point serves as a
Stimulus
87
A stimulus is detected by a
Sensor
88
A control center then generates output that triggers a
Response
89
What helps return the variable to the set point?
Response
90
A control mechanism that “damps” a stimulus
Negative feedback
91
Plays a major role in homeostasis in animals
Negative feedback
92
Homeostasis moderates but ___________ eliminate changes in the internal environment
Doesn’t
93
Amplifies a stimulus and does not play a major role in homeostasis
Positive feedback
94
Can help drive a process (such as child birth) to completion
Positive feedback
95
In animals and plants, a ____________ ________ governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
Circadian rhythm
96
Homeostasis is sometimes altered by
Acclimatization
97
A change in an animal’s physiology as it adjusts to changes in it environment
Acclimatization
98
Example is adaptation to changes in altitude
Acclimatization
99
The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
Thermoregulation
100
Animals generate heat by metabolism
Endothermic
101
Birds and mammals are
Endotherms
102
Animals gain heart from external sources
Ectothermic
103
Fish, amphibians, non avian reptiles, and most invertebrates
Ectotherms
104
Can maintain a stable body temperature
Endotherms
105
More energetically expensive
Endothermy
106
Need to consume less food than equally sized __________
Ectotherms; endotherms
107
Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature
Ectotherms
108
King penguins
Endotherms
109
Florida red-bellied turtles
Ectotherms
110
Body temperature of ___________ varies with its environment
Poikilotherm
111
Body temperature of a ____________ is relatively constant
Homeotherm
112
The relationship between heat source and __________ ________________ is not fixed
Body temperature
113
What are the 4 physical processes that organisms exchange heat?
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
114
Heat regulation in mammals often involves the __________________ system
Integumentary
115
What does the integumentary system include?
Skin
Hair
Nails
116
What are the 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
Insulation
Circulatory adaptations
Cooling by evaporative heat loss
Behavioral responses
Adjusting metabolic heat production
117
Is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds
Insulation
118
Reduces the flow of heat between an animal’s body and it environment
Insulation
119
What 4 things reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment
Skin
Feathers
Fur
Blubber
120
What significantly affects thermoregulation
Regulation of blood flow near the body surface
121
Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
Vasodilation
122
Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowing heat loss
Vasoconstriction
