Chapter 28 Part C: Rhizarians And Unikonta

Question 1

What does the “R” in SAR stand for?

Answer 1

Rhizarians

Question 2

Many species of rhizarians are ________.

Answer 2

Amoebas

Question 3

__________ are protists that move and feed using _____________, extensions of the cell surface.

Answer 3

Amoebas; pseudopodia

Question 4

Why do Rhizarian amoebas differ from amoebas in other clades?

Answer 4

They have threadlike pseudopodia

Question 5

What are the 3 clades of Rhizarians

Answer 5

Radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans

Question 6

Which subgroup of the Rhizarians have delicate, symmetrical internal typically made of ________.

Answer 6

Radiolarians; silica

Question 7

What radiates from the central body in Radiolarians?

Answer 7

Pseudopodia reinforced by microtubules

Question 8

In Radiolarians, prey are engulfed by cytoplasm in the _____________ and carried into the cell by ____________ ____________.

Answer 8

Pseudopodia; cytoplasmic streaming

Question 9

Most radiolarians are _________ organisms

Answer 9

Marine

Question 10

What is another name for the subgroup Forams?

Answer 10

Foraminiferans

Question 11

Forams are named for their porous _________ __________ shells, called _______.

Answer 11

Calcium carbonate; tests

Question 12

What three things are psuedopodia used in?

Answer 12

Swimming, test formation, and feeding

Question 13

What do forams host within their tests?

Answer 13

Mutualistic photosynthetic algae

Question 14

Where do Forams live?

Answer 14

Ocean and fresh water

Question 15

Forams’ _______ make up part of the ________ sediments

Answer 15

Fossils; marine

Question 16

What are used for correlating the age of sedimentary rocks in different parts of the world

Answer 16

Fossilized tests

Question 17

The ___________ ________ of the fossilized tests is used to estimate the change in ocean _________ over time.

Answer 17

Magnesium content; temperature

Question 18

What is the last subgroup of Rhizarians?

Answer 18

Cercozoans

Question 19

Are amoeboid and flagellated protists

Answer 19

Cercozoans

Question 20

A Rhizarians subgroup that feeds using threadlike pseudopodia.

Answer 20

Cercozoans

Question 21

Where are the 3 common places to find Cercozoans?

Answer 21

Marine, fresh water, and soil ecosystems

Question 22

Most cercozoans are heterotrophic ___________ or __________.

Answer 22

Parasites; predators

Question 23

This is a small group of ____________ that is a part of the subgroup Cercozoans

Answer 23

Mixotrophs; Chlorarachniophytes

Question 24

An example of a Cercozoans; it is known to be __________.

Answer 24

Paulinella chromatophora; autotrophic

Question 25

Paulinella chromatophora has a unique photosynthetic structure called

Answer 25

Chromatophore

Question 26

What are derived from endosymbiosis with a Cyanobacteria different from the one that gave rise to ________.

Answer 26

Chromatophores; plastids

Question 27

What are the closest relatives of plants?

Answer 27

Red and green algae

Question 28

__________ arose when a heterotrophic protist acquired a Cyanobacteria ___________.

Answer 28

Plastids; endosymbiont

Question 29

_________ are descended from the ______ algae.

Answer 29

Plants; green

Question 30

The supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and plants

Answer 30

Archaeplastida

Question 31

What gives red algae its color?

Answer 31

Phycoerythrin

Question 32

What is phycoerythrin?

Answer 32

An accessory pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll

Question 33

What color of red algae shows in shallow water?

Answer 33

Greenish-red

Question 34

What color of red algae shows in deep water?

Answer 34

Dark red or almost black

Question 35

Most red algae are _________.

Answer 35

Multicellular

Question 36

Example of red algae

Answer 36

Largest are seaweeds

Question 37

Reproduction is ________ in ____ algae

Answer 37

Sexual; red

Question 38

The life cycles of red algae often include _____________ ___ ________________.

Answer 38

Alternation of generations

Question 39

Where are red algae common?

Answer 39

Coastal waters of tropical oceans

Question 40

Some species of red algae are consumed by _______, such as _________ (“nori”) that is used to wrap sushi

Answer 40

Humans; Porphyra

Question 41

________ algae are named for their green ____________

Answer 41

Green; chloroplasts

Question 42

Have chloroplasts that are structurally and chemically similar to those found in plants

Answer 42

Green algae

Question 43

Green algae form a ____________ group

Answer 43

Paraphyletic

Question 44

What does the paraphyletic group include?

Answer 44

Charophytes and chlorophytes

Question 45

Include algae most closely related to plants

Answer 45

Charophytes

Question 46

T/F: Chlorophytes only live in fresh water

Answer 46

F: They most live in fresh water, there are many marine and some terrestrial species

Question 47

Green algae have various __________ species that are ______-_______ while others live ___________ with other eukaryotes

Answer 47

Unicellular; free-living; symbiotically

Question 48

What kind of environments do some green algae live in?

Answer 48

Exposed to intense visible and ultraviolet radiation

Question 49

The first mechanism that caused larger size and greater complexity to evolve in green algae?

Answer 49

1. Formation of colonies from individuals cells

Question 50

What is an example of the 1st mechanism

Answer 50

Pediastrum

Question 51

The second mechanism that caused larger size and greater complexity to evolve in green algae?

Answer 51

Formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation

Question 52

Wha are examples of the second mechanism

Answer 52

Volvox and Ulva

Question 53

The third mechanism that caused larger size and greater complexity to evolve in green algae?

Answer 53

Repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division

Question 54

What is an example of the third mechanism

Answer 54

Caulerpa

Question 55

Have complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual reproductive stage

Answer 55

Most chlorophytes

Question 56

T/F: Nearly all species of green algae have flagellated gametes with flat-shaped chloroplasts.

Answer 56

F: biflagellated gametes with cup-shaped chloroplasts

Question 57

Alternation of generations has evolved in some _____________, including ______

Answer 57

Chlorophytes; Ulva

Question 58

This supergroup includes protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

Answer 58

Unikonts

Question 59

What are the 2 major clades of unikonts?

Answer 59

Amoebozoans and opisthokonts

Question 60

What are a part of the amoebozoans?

Answer 60

Tubulinids, slime molds, and entamoebas

Question 61

What are a part of the opisthokonts?

Answer 61

Animals, fungi, and related protists

Question 62

Controversial hypothesis: Unikonts were the _________ to diverge from other __________ groups

Answer 62

First; eukaryote

Question 63

Amoebas that have lobe- or tube- shaped, rather than threadlike, ______________

Answer 63

Amoebozoans; pseudopodia

Question 64

Where are Tubulinids common?

Answer 64

Unicellular protists in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments

Question 65

Most Tubulinids are active _______ of bacteria and other protists; other feed on __________

Answer 65

Predators; detritus

Question 66

Another name for slime molds

Answer 66

Mycetozoans

Question 67

What were slime molds once thought to be? Why?

Answer 67

Fungi; spore-producing fruiting bodies

Question 68

Slime molds thought to be fungi is a result of

Answer 68

Convergent evolution

Question 69

What are the two lineages of slime molds?

Answer 69

Plasmodia slime molds and cellular slime molds

Question 70

What is the structure within slime molds?

Answer 70

Plasmodial slime molds

Question 71

Brightly colored, often yellow or orange

Answer 71

Plasmodial slime molds

Question 72

Large feeding mass formed by Plasmodial slime molds

Answer 72

Plasmodium

Question 73

Single “supercell” that contains many diploid nuclei undivided by plasma membranes

Answer 73

Plasmodium

Question 74

Forms a fruiting body for sexual reproduction in unfavorable environmental conditions

Answer 74

Plasmodium

Question 75

Form multicellular aggregate in which cells are separated by plasma membranes

Answer 75

Cellular slime molds

Question 76

Feeding stage consists of solitary cells

Answer 76

Cellular slime molds

Question 77

__________ cells unite to form a ____-like aggregate for ___________ when habitat conditions are ______

Answer 77

Solitary; slug; migration; poor

Question 78

What ultimately forms a fruiting body in cellular slime molds?

Answer 78

Aggregated cells

Question 79

Model organism for the studying of evolution of multicellularity

Answer 79

Dictyostelium discoideum

Question 80

_______ in the stalk of the fruiting body ____ without reproducing

Answer 80

Cells; die

Question 81

Cells at the _____ survive to _________

Answer 81

Top; reproduce

Question 82

Some cells have a “_______” mutation, giving them the reproductive __________ of not forming the _____

Answer 82

Cheat; advantage; stalk

Question 83

What type of cells lack a specific surface protein recognized by noncheaters

Answer 83

Cheating cells

Question 84

What cells avoid exploitation by preferentially aggregating with other noncheaters?

Answer 84

Non-cheaters

Question 85

Parasites of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Answer 85

Entamoeba

Question 86

Humans host at least _____ species, but only _____________ is pathogenic

Answer 86

6; E. Histolytica

Question 87

Causes amoebic dysentery, the third-leading cause of death due to eukaryotic parasites

Answer 87

E. Histolytica

Question 88

Are a diverse group including animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

Answer 88

Opisthokonts

Question 89

What play key roles in ecological communities?

Answer 89

Protists

Question 90

What environments are protist found in?

Answer 90

Diverse aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

Question 91

What are the two roles that protists play in their habitats?

Answer 91

Symbiont and producer

Question 92

What kind of protist benefit their host?

Answer 92

Symbiotic protist

Question 93

Parasites

Answer 93

Protist symbionts

Question 94

Symbiotic protist that causes malaria in humans?

Answer 94

Plasmodium

Question 95

Symbiotic protist dinoflagellate that attached and feeds on the skin of fish

Answer 95

Pfiesteria shumwayae

Question 96

Symbiotic protist that causes sudden oak death

Answer 96

Phytophthora Ramorum

Question 97

Organisms that use energy from light (or inorganic compounds) to convert to organic compounds

Answer 97

Producers

Question 98

In aquatic communities, who are the main producers?

Answer 98

Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes

Question 99

Directly or indirectly depend on producers for food

Answer 99

Consumers

Question 100

Limited by nutrients; populations explode when nutrients are added

Answer 100

Photosynthetic protists

Question 101

Have declined with increasing sea surface temperature

Answer 101

Growth and biomass of photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes

Question 102

Acts as a barrier to upwelling

Answer 102

Warm surface water

Question 103

3 things affected if sea surface temperature continues to warm

Answer 103

Marine ecosystems, fishery yields, and global carbon cycle