Chapter 34A: Vertebrates

Question 1

Have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Answer 1

Chordates

Question 2

Are bilaterian animals belonging to the clade called Deuterostomia

Answer 2

Chordates

Question 3

Chordates comprise all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates:

Answer 3

Urochordates
Cephalochordates

Question 4

What are the 4 key characters of chordates?

Answer 4

Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular, post-anal tail

Question 5

A longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

Answer 5

Notochord

Question 6

Provides flexible skeletal support during early development and in adults that retain it

Answer 6

Notochord

Question 7

The ______ _____ of the embryo develops into the CNS: the brain and spinal cord

Answer 7

Nerve cord

Question 8

All chordate embryos have grooves along the outer surface of the pharynx called

Answer 8

Pharyngeal clefts

Question 9

The grooves develop into _________ ______ that open into the pharynx

Answer 9

Pharyngeal slits

Question 10

Allow water to pass from the mouth to the outside of the body, bypassing the digestive tract

Answer 10

Pharyngeal slits

Question 11

Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates

Answer 11

Pharyngeal slits and arches

Question 12

Modified into gills for gas exchange in non-tetrapod vertebrates

Answer 12

Pharyngeal slit and arches

Question 13

___________ do not develop pharyngeal slits, the _________ develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck

Answer 13

Tetrapods; arches

Question 14

Provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Answer 14

Muscular, post-anal tail

Question 15

Are a part of phylum Cephalochordata and are marine suspension feeders, named for their blade like shape

Answer 15

Lancelets

Question 16

They swim using a simplified form of the mechanism used by fish

Answer 16

Lancelets

Question 17

Are a part of phylum Urochordata and are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets

Answer 17

Tunicates

Question 18

Adult tunicates and are sessile

Answer 18

Sea squirts

Question 19

__________ are chordates that have a backbone

Answer 19

Vertebrates

Question 20

A skeletal system and complex nervous system have allowed vertebrates efficiency at 2 essential tasks:

Answer 20

Capturing food
Evading predators

Question 21

Unique to vertebrates; appears along the edges of the closing neural tube

Answer 21

Neural crest

Question 22

Neural crest cells disperse through the embryo and give rise to many features:

Answer 22

Teeth
Some bones and cartilage of the skull
Several types of neurons
Sensory capsules

Question 23

Hagfish and Lampreys belong to which two phylum

Answer 23

Myxini and Petromyzontida

Question 24

Are the only living vertebrates lacking jaws

Answer 24

Hagfish and lampreys

Question 25

Lack a backbone, but have rudimentary vertebrae

Answer 25

Hagfish and lampreys

Question 26

Jawless vertebrates

Answer 26

Cyclostomes

Question 27

Jawless vertebrates with reduced vertebrae and a cartilaginous skull

Answer 27

Hagfish

Question 28

Has rows of slime glands that produce a slime that repels competitors and predators

Answer 28

Hagfish

Question 29

Jawless vertebrates with reduced vertebrae, a notochord, and a cartilaginous skeleton

Answer 29

Lampreys

Question 30

Among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record; have large eyes to locate prey

Answer 30

Conodonts

Question 31

Jawed vertebrates (“Jaw mouth”)

Answer 31

Gnathostomes

Question 32

Include sharks and their relatives, ray finned fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals

Answer 32

Gnathostomes

Question 33

Aquatic Gnathostomes have rows of organs sensitive to vibrations located along body sides

Answer 33

Lateral line system

Question 34

Sharks, rays and their relatives

Answer 34

Chondrichthyans

Question 35

Have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage, often impregnated with calcium

Answer 35

Chondrichthyans

Question 36

In Chondrichthyans, this structure functions as a stabilizer and others structures are used for maneuvering

Answer 36

Dorsal fins; paired pectoral and pelvic fins

Question 37

The largest sharks and rays are

Answer 37

Suspension feeders

Question 38

What in Chondrichthyans’ digestive tract increase surface area and slow the passage of food

Answer 38

Spiral valve

Question 39

Eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

Answer 39

Oviparous

Question 40

Eggs are retained within the oviduct; young are born after hatching within the uterus

Answer 40

Ovoviviparous

Question 41

Young develop within the uterus and are nourished by a yolk sac placenta, absorption of nutrient rich fluid, or by eating other eggs

Answer 41

Viviparous

Question 42

A common chamber with a single opening to the outside of the body

Answer 42

Cloaca

Question 43

What three structures empty into the cloaca

Answer 43

Reproductive tract Excretory system Digestive tract

Question 44

Bottom-dwellers

Answer 44

Rays

Question 45

The vast majority of vertebrates are ___________, nearly all of which have a bony ______________

Answer 45

Osteichthyans; endoskeleton

Question 46

Bony fish and tetrapods

Answer 46

Osteichthyans

Question 47

Aquatic Osteichthyans

Answer 47

Fish

Question 48

Gills of fish are protected by a bony flap called

Answer 48

Operculum

Question 49

An air sac called the _______ ___________ is filled to maintain buoyancy

Answer 49

Swim bladder

Question 50

Ray-finned fish

Answer 50

Actinopterygii

Question 51

Lobe-fins

Answer 51

Sarcopterygii

Question 52

What are the 3 lineages of Lobe-fin

Answer 52

Coelacanths (Actinistia) Lungfish (Dipnoi) Tetrapods

Question 53

__________ are Gnathostomes that have limbs

Answer 53

Tetrapods

Question 54

4 fish characters

Answer 54

Scales Fins Gills Lungs

Question 55

5 tetrapod characters

Answer 55

Neck Ribs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull