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Biology 2 > Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 1 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Are diverse, widespread, and essential for the well-being of most ecosystems

A

Fungi

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2
Q

T/F: Fungi are only single-celled

A

F: Some are single-celled, most are complex multicellular organisms

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3
Q

What is similar between Fungi?

A

The way they derive nutrition

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4
Q

Fungi are _________ that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies

A

Heterotrophs

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5
Q

Fungi use __________ enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller __________ compounds

A

Hydrolytic; organic

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6
Q

These kind of enzymes can digest compounds from a wide range of sources, living or dead

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

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7
Q

Break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

A

Decomposers

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8
Q

Absorb nutrients from living hosts

A

Parasitic fungi

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9
Q

Absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

A

Mutualistic fungi

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10
Q

The most common body structures are ___________ filaments and single cells (_______)

A

Multicellular; yeasts

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11
Q

Many fungi grow as both, but most grow as only as ________; relatively few grow as _________

A

Filaments; yeasts

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12
Q

What inhabit moist environments with plentiful with plentiful soluble nutrients, such as ________ or _______ ________

A

Yeasts; sugars; amino acids

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13
Q

Fungal bodies form networks of tiny filaments

A

Hyphae

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14
Q

Hyphae have tubular cell walls strengthened with __________

A

Chitin

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15
Q

A structural polymer

A

Chitin

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16
Q

What prevent cells from lysing due to the osmotic pressure that builds up during nutrient absorption

A

Chitin-rich walls

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17
Q

In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by cross walls, or _________

A

Septa

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18
Q

Have pores large enough to enable cell-to-cell movement of organelles

A

Septa

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19
Q

Lack septa

A

Coenocytic fungi

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20
Q

Have hundreds or thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasmic mass

A

Coenocytic fungi

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21
Q

Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a ______

A

Mycelium

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22
Q

In fungal hyphae; infiltrates the food source

A

Mycelium

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23
Q

T/F: Hyphae grow primarily in girth

A

F: they grow primarily in length

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24
Q

What do Hyphae use to move material to the tips

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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25
T/F: Multicellular fungi are motile
F: They are NOT motile, but can colonize new territory through the growth of their hyphae
26
Some fungi have specialized _______ for feeding on live animals
Hyphae
27
Some fungi have specialized hyphae called _________ that allow them to extract nutrients from plants
Haustoria
28
What kind of fungi have specialized branching hyphae used to exchange nutrients with their plant hosts
Mutualistic
29
An example of specialized hyphae that penetrate plant cell walls, but not the cell membrane
Arbuscules
30
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizae
31
“Fungus roots”
Mycorrhizae
32
This kind of fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants
Mycorrhizae
33
What do plant supply in exchange for mycorrhizal fungi delivering phosphate ions and minerals to them?
Organic materials to fungi
34
What are the 2 types of mycorrhizal fungi?
Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal
35
This type of fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the root surface and extend into the extra cellular spaces of the root cortex
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
36
This type of fungi extend arbuscules through they root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
37
Most vascular plants depend upon ___________
Mycorrhizae
38
What type of fungi colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells
Mycorrhizal fungi
39
Haploid cells
Spores
40
How do fungi propagate themselves?
By producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually
41
What are carried long distances by wind or water
Spores
42
What happens if spores land in a moist place with food?
They will germinate and form new mycelia
43
Are usually haploid
Fungal nuclei and spores
44
Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of ________ from different __________ types
Hyphae; mating
45
Sexual signaling molecules used by many fungi
Pheromones
46
Signaling molecules used to communicate their mating type
Pheromones
47
The union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia
Plasmogamy
48
In most fungi, fusion between the ________ nuclei of the parents is _________
Haploid; delayed
49
A mycelium that contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei
Heterokaryon
50
In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell; such a mycelium is said to be ___________
Dikaryotic
51
Hours, days, or even centuries may pass before the nuclei fuse, a process called
Karyogamy
52
When a ___________ nuclei fuse, a diploid cell, such as _________, is produced.
Haploid; zygote
53
The short-lived ________ cell undergoes meiosis, producing __________ spores
Diploid; haploid
54
The paired processes of __________ and __________ produced genetic variation
Karyogamy; meiosis
55
Many fungi used both _________ and __________ reproduction
Sexual; asexual
56
Produce haploid spores asexually by mitosis
Molds
57
Form visible, “furry” mycelia
Mold
58
Single-celled ______ reproduce asexually without producing spores
Yeasts
59
_____________ occurs through simple cell division or pinching of small “_______ _____” off a parent cell
Reproduction; bud cells
60
Yeasts and filamentous fungi that have no known sexual stage form a group called
Deuteromycetes
61
They are reclassified if a sexual stage is discovered
Deuteromycetes
62
________ and _________ are more closely related to each other than either group is to plants or most other eukaryotes
Fungi; animals
63
Name the 3 that are included in the Opisthokonts clade
Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives
64
Evolved from a unicellular flagellated ancestor
Opisthokonts
65
Fungi are most closely related to several groups of _______-________ protist
Single-celled
66
Where did Fungi most likely originate?
Aquatic habitats
67
145,000 known species
Fungi
68
What are the 2 main branches of Fungi
Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians
69
What is another name for Cryptomycetes
Phylum Cryptomycota
70
What is another name for Microsporidians
Phylum Microsporidia
71
Form a sister group and are basal fungal lineage
Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians
72
Found globally in soils, and marine and fresh water habitats
Cryptomycetes
73
Both aerobic and anaerobic species
Cryptomycetes
74
Parasites of protists and other fungi
Cryptomycetes
75
Unicellular and have flagellated spores
Cryptomycetes
76
Like other fungi, they can synthesize a chitin-rich cell wall
Cryptomycetes
77
Are unicellular parasites of protists and animals, including humans
Microsporidians
78
Can synthesize a chitin-rich cell wall
Microsporidians
79
They have highly reduced mitochondria and small genomes with a few as 2,000 genes
Microsporidians
80
Instead of flagellated spores, they produce spores that infect host cells via a harpoon-like organelle
Microsporidians
81
What is the third branch of Phylogeny of Fungi
Chytrids
82
What is another name for chytrids
Phylum Chytridiomycota
83
Found in lakes, soil, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents
Chytrids
84
They include species that function as decomposes, parasites, and mutualistis
Chytrids
85
Nearly all chytrids have flagellated spores called
Zoospores
86
Cell wall are made of chitin
Chytrids
87
Some single-celled; other form colonies
Chytrids
88
What is the 4th branch of Phylogeny of Fungi?
Zoopagomycetes
89
What is another name for Zoopagomycetes
Phylum Zoopagomycota
90
Live as parasites or commensal symbionts of animals or as parasites of other fungi or protists
Zoopagomycetes
91
Form filamentous hyphae
Zoopagomycetes
92
Reproduce asexually via nonflagellated spores
Zoopagomycetes
93
Induce behavioral changes in insects they parasitize
Zoopagomycetes
94
In Zoopagomycetes, those that reproduce sexually form a durable structure called
Zygosporangium
95
In Zoopagomycetes; house and protect the zygote
Zygosporangium
96
In Zoopagomycetes, this structure is also produced by some mucoromycete species
Zygosporangium
97
Haven nonflagellated, wind dispersed spores
Zoopagomycetes

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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