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Biology 2 > Chapter 28 Part A: Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Part A: Protists Flashcards

1
Q

What gave rise to the great diversity of protists?

A

Endosymbiosis

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2
Q

Most eukaryotes are ______-celled organisms

A

Single

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3
Q

Is an informal term used to refer to all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

A

Protists

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4
Q

Why are protists no longer considered a kingdom?

A

Some protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than other protists

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5
Q

What are inside of the cells of protist and other eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles

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6
Q

__________ isolate functions within ______ cells, making them more _______ than ________ cells.

A

Organelles, eukaryotic, complex, prokaryotic

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7
Q

What of the eukaryotic cell allows it to have asymmetric shape and to change shape overtime

A

Well-developed cytoskeleton

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8
Q

What make up much of the diversity of eukaryotes?

A

Protists

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9
Q

________ exhibit more _______ and _______ diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

A

Protists; structural, functional

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10
Q

T/F: There are only unicellular protist species

A

F: most are unicellular BUT some are colonial and multicellular

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11
Q

What type of protists are the most complex?

A

Unicellular

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12
Q

Why are unicellular protists the most complex?

A

Each cell must carry out all functions of life

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13
Q

Protists are the most _________ diverse of all eukaryotes

A

Nutritionally

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14
Q

What are 3 protists that are nutritionally diverse?

A

Photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs

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15
Q

What do photoautotrophs contain?

A

Chloroplasts

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16
Q

Which nutritional protist absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles?

A

Heterotrophs

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17
Q

What do mixotrophs do?

A

Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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18
Q

T/F: all protists reproduce asexually

A

F: SOME protists only reproduce asexually; others have both asexual and sexual phases in their life cycle

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19
Q

What are the three basic types of sexual life cycles represented among protists?

A

Animal, plant, and fungal

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20
Q

There is an abundant evidence that much of protistan diversity has its origins in

A

Endosymbiosis

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21
Q

A relationship between 2 species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism (host)

A

Endosymbiosis

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22
Q

What 2 organelles are derived from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestors of early prokaryotes?

A

Mitochondria and plastids

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23
Q

What evolved before plastids and arose from an alpha proteobacterium?

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

_________ analysis indicates that mitochondria and plastids each evolved _______ in the history of life.

A

Molecular; once

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25
The _________ host was a relatively complex cell with eukaryotic features, such as a ________
Ancestral; cytoskeleton
26
The host cell lineage is _______, but ____________, the archaea sister group to the ________, is a candidate ______.
Uncertain; lokiarchaeotes; eukaryotes; taxon
27
The evolution of ________ gave rise to the eukaryotes.
Mitochondria
28
________ arose later when a __________ eukaryotes engulfed a __________ cyanobacterium.
Plastids; heterotrophic; photosynthetic
29
Two lineages of ____________ protists _____ and _____ algae, evolved from the plastid bearing ancestor.
Photosynthetic; red; green
30
How many membranes do red and green algae have?
2
31
The red and green algae having two membranes is similar to what?
Cyanobacteria
32
___________ proteins in the red and green algae are ________ to those found in the inner and outer _______ of ____________.
Transport; homologous; membranes; cyanobacteria
33
Red and green algae were ingest by _________ eukaryotes, a process called _________ _________, several times.
Heterotrophic; secondary endosymbiosis
34
How many supergroups are eukaryotes divided into?
4
35
What are the 4 supergroups of eukaryotes?
Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta
36
Excavata includes how many clades?
3
37
What are the Excavata clades?
Parabasalids, diplomonads, and euglenozoans
38
What is an example of a diplomonad? What does it do?
Giardia intestinalis is a diplomonad parasite; causes intestinal infections in mammals
39
SAR includes how many clades?
3
40
What are the SAR clades?
Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria
41
What is an example of a stramenopila?
Diatoms; important photosynthetic stramenopiles
42
What is an example of a rhizaria?
Amoebas; Globigerina
43
Red and green algae, and plants belong to which supergroup?
Archaeoplastida
44
Red and green algae include ________, _______, and _______ species.
Unicellular, colonial, multicellular
45
What is an example of a multicellular green algae?
Volvox
46
What are included in Unikonta?
Amoebas (with lobe- or tube- shaped pseudopodia), animals, fungi, and non-amoeba protist closely related to animals or fungi
47
What is an example of a tubulinid amoeba?
Amoeba proteus
48
T/F: The root of the eukaryotic tree is known
F: it is not known
49
What are the 3 supergroups that are unresolved?
Haptophytes, cryptophytes, and hemimastigophores
50
Excavates include protist with modified ________ and protist with unique ________
Mitochondria; flagella
51
Which supergroup is characterized by its cytoskeleton?
Excavata
52
The excavates include how many monophyletic groups?
3
53
What are the three monophyletic groups of excavates?
Diplomonads, parabaslids, and euglenozoans
54
Which two clades in Excavata lack plastids and have reduced mitochondria?
Diplomonads and parabasalids
55
Where do diplomonads and parabasalids live?
Anaerobic environments
56
What are reduced mitochondria of Diplomonads called?
Mitosomes
57
What do mitosomes lack?
Electron transport chains (ETC)
58
What is derived from anaerobic pathways?
Energy
59
What do Diplomonads and Parabasalids contain?
2 equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella
60
What are the reduced mitochondria of the Parabasalids called?
Hydrogenosomes
61
What do hydrogenosomes generate? How do they generate it?
Some energy; anaerobically
62
What is released as a by-product of anaerobic metabolism?
Hydrogen gas
63
What is the best known parabasalid?
Trichomonas vaginalis
64
Euglenozoans include how many?
4
65
What are the 4 considered Euglenozoa?
Heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites
66
What is the main feature distinguishing the Euglenozoan clade?
A spiral or crystalline rod inside each flagella
67
Kinetoplastids and euglenids are included in which clade?
Euglenozoans
68
Kinetoplastids have how many mitochondria?
One
69
What is inside the Kinetoplastids mitochondrion?
Kinetoplast
70
An organized mass of DNA in a kinetoplastid’s mitochondrion.
Kinetoplast
71
Species of what parasitize animals, plants and other protists; example is Trypanosoma
Kinetoplastids
72
Have a single cell-surface protein that changes from one generation to the next
Trypanosomes
73
The host is prevented from developing immunity by this “bait-and-switch” defense
Kinetoplastids
74
Have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
Euglenids

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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