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Biology 2 > Chapter 41: Slide 47-91 > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Slide 47-91 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Coordinated __________ and ___________ of stomach muscles churn the stomach’s contents

A

Contraction; relaxation

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2
Q

Prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

A

Sphincter

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3
Q

The longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

Small intestine

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4
Q

Where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occur

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

First portion of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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6
Q

Here, chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

A

Duodenum

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7
Q

Produces the protease trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

Are activated in the lumen of the duodenum

A

Proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin

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9
Q

The pancreas has a solution _________ and neutralizes the acidic chyme

A

Alkaline

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10
Q

Bile salts facilitate digestion of ______ and are a major component of ______

A

Bile

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11
Q

Bile is made in the

A

Liver

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12
Q

Bile is stored and concentrated in the

A

Gallbladder

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13
Q

Destroys nonfunctional red blood cells

A

Bile

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14
Q

Digestion is largely completed in the

A

Duodenum

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15
Q

What happens in the remaining regions of the small intestine

A

Nutrient absorption

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16
Q

The small intestine has a huge surface area due to ______ and ___________ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

A

Villi; microvilli

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17
Q

The enormous __________ surface creates a brush border that greatly __________ the rate of nutrient absorption

A

Microvillar; increases

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18
Q

Transport across the epithelial cells can be _________ or _________, depending on the nutrient

A

Passive; active

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19
Q

Carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart

A

Hepatic portal vein

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20
Q

Regulate nutrient distribution

A

Liver

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21
Q

Inter converts many organic molecules

A

Liver

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22
Q

Detoxifies many organic molecules

A

Liver

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23
Q

What cells absorb fatty acids and monoglyceride and recombine them into triglycerides

A

Epithelial

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24
Q

Fats are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-soluble

A

Chylomicrons

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25
Chylomicrons are transported into a _________, a lymphatic vessel in each villus
Lacteal
26
What deliver Chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart
Lymphatic vessels
27
The alimentary canal ends with the
Large intestine
28
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine
Colon Cecum Rectum
29
Leads to the rectum and anus
Colon
30
Aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet
Cecum
31
The human cecum has an extension called the
Appendix
32
Plays a minor role in immunity
Appendix
33
Completes the recovery of water that began in the small intestine
Colon
34
The wastes of the digestive system
Feces
35
Become more solid as they move through the colon
Feces
36
Where are feces stored
Rectum
37
What control bowel movements
Two sphincters between the rectum and anus
38
An animal’s assortment of teeth
Dentition
39
Have less specialized teeth
Nonmammalian vertebrates
40
Have large, expandable stomachs
Carnivores
41
Have longer alimentary canals
Herbivores and omnivores
42
Some intestinal bacteria produce
Vitamins
43
The coexistence of humans and many bacteria involves
Mutualistic symbiosis
44
The collection of the microorganisms living in and on the body
Microbiome
45
A network of neurons dedicated to the digestive organs
Enteric nervous system
46
Regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones
Endocrine system
47
In humans, where is energy stored first?
Liver and muscle cells in the form of glycogen
48
Excess energy is stored in fat in
Adipose cells
49
Order of energy expended
Liver glycogen Muscle glycogen Fat
50
Glucose homeostasis relies predominantly on the opposing effects of 2 hormones
Insulin Glucagon
51
Regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Insulin and glucagon
52
Where is the site for glucose homeostasis
Liver
53
A CHO rich meal raise ________ levels, which triggers the synthesis of ____________
Insulin; glycogen
54
______ blood sugar causes __________ to stimulate the breakdown of _________ and release ___________
Low; glucagon; glycogen; glucose
55
Produced in the islets of the pancreas
Glucagon; insulin
56
_______ cells make glucagon
Alpha
57
______ cells make insulin
Beta
58
Caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
Diabetes mellitus
59
What is one test for diabetes
Sugar in the urine
60
Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas
Type 1 diabetes
61
Appears during childhood
Type 1 diabetes
62
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
63
Characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin
Type 2 diabetes
64
Generally appears after age 40, may develop earlier
Type 2 diabetes
65
Can lead to obesity, the excess accumulation of fat
Over nourishment
66
Obesity contributes to what kind of diabetes
Type 2
67
Regulate long-term and short-term appendix by affecting a “satiety center” in the brain
Hormones
68
A hormone secreted by the stomach wall
Ghrelin
69
Triggers feelings of hunger before meals
Ghrelin
70
A hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite
Insulin; PYY
71
Produced by the adipose (fat) tissue
Leptin
72
Suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels
Leptin

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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