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Biology 2 > Chapter 41: Slides 1-46 > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Slides 1-46 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 needs must be satisfied for an adequate diet?

A

Chemical energy for cellular processes
Organic building blocks for macromolecules
Essential nutrients

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2
Q

Required materials that an animal requires, but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules are called

A

Essential nutrients

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3
Q

These must be obtained from an animal’s diet

A

Essential nutrients

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4
Q

What are the 4 classes of essential nutrients?

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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5
Q

All organisms require _____ amino acids

A

20

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6
Q

Must be obtained from food in prefabricated form

A

Essential amino acids

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7
Q

What are examples that provide all essential amino acids and are thus “complete” proteins

A

Meat
Egg
Cheese

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8
Q

Most plant proteins are ____________ in amino acid composition

A

Incomplete

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9
Q

__________ can synthesize many of the fatty acids they need

A

Animals

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10
Q

Must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids

A

Essential fatty acids

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11
Q

Where can animals obtain essential fatty acids?

A

Seeds
Grains
Vegetables

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12
Q

Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

A

Vitamins

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13
Q

How many vitamins are essential for humans

A

13

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14
Q

What are the 2 categories of vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble
Water-soluble

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15
Q

Simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

A

Minerals

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16
Q

What can upset homeostatic balance?

A

Ingesting large amounts of some minerals

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17
Q

Have diverse diets

A

Animals

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18
Q

Dine mainly on plants/algae

A

Herbivores

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19
Q

Mostly eat other animals

A

Carnivores

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20
Q

Regularly consume animals as well as plants/algae

A

Omnivores

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21
Q

Most animals are ____________ feeders

A

Opportunistic

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22
Q

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition

A

Malnutrition

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23
Q

Can have negative impacts on health and survival

A

Malnutrition

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24
Q

Can cause deformities, disease, and death

A

Deficiencies in essential nutrients

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25
What results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy
Undernourishment
26
What is used up in an undernourished individual
Stored fat and carbohydrates
27
What is broken down in an undernourished individual
Proteins
28
What is lost in an undernourished individual
Muscle mass
29
What is deficient in the brain in undernourished individuals
Protein
30
The act of eating or feeding
Ingestion
31
What are the 4 main feeding mechanisms in animals
Filter Substrate Fluid Bulk
32
Many aquatic animals are what kind of feeder
Filter
33
Sift small food particles from the surrounding medium
Filter feeder
34
Whale
Filter feeder
35
What kind of feeder are animals that live in or on their food source
Substrate
36
Caterpillar
Substrate feeder
37
What kind of feeders suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
Fluid
38
Mosquitos
Fluid feeder
39
What kind of feeder eat relatively large pieces of food
Bulk
40
Most animals, including humans, feed this way
Bulk feeders
41
Is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb
Digestion
42
What are the 2 types of digestion
Mechanical Chemical
43
Chewing or grinding
Mechanical digestion
44
Increases the surface area of food
Mechanical digestion
45
Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes
Chemical digestion
46
Used to build larger molecules
Chemical digestion
47
The process of ___________ ____________ splits bonds in molecules with the addition of _________
Enzymatic hydrolysis; water
48
Is uptake of small molecules by body cells
Absorption
49
Is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
Elimination
50
In _____________ digestion, food particle are engulfed by _____________ and liquids by ______________.
Intercellular; phagocytosis; pinocytosis
51
What fuse with lysosomes containing Hydrolytic enzymes
Food vacuoles
52
What animal digest their food by intercellular digestion
Sponges
53
Hydrolysis occurs by what kind of digestion?
Extracellular
54
The breakdown of food particles outside of cells
Extracellular digestion
55
Occurs in compartments that continuous with the outside of the animal’s body
Extracellular digestion
56
Animals with simple body plans have a _____________ _________
Gastrovascular cavity
57
Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients
Gastrovascular cavity
58
More complex animals have a digestive tube with 2 openings: _______ and _______
Mouth; anus
59
Digestive tube is called a complete digestive tract (mouth and anus)
Alimentary canal
60
What are the 4 accessory glands
Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder
61
Where does food processing begin
Organ cavity
62
Deliver saliva to lubricate food
Salivary gland
63
Saliva contains __________ and __________
Mucus Amylase
64
What is mucus made up of
Water Salts Cells Glycoproteins
65
Breaks down starch
Amylase
66
“Throat”; the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
Pharynx
67
Connects to the stomach
Esophagus
68
“Windpipe”; leads to the lungs
Trachea
69
What guides the bolus?
Larynx
70
Swallowing causes the ___________ to block entry to the ___________
Epiglottis; trachea
71
What occurs when the swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach the windpipe
Coughing or choking
72
Alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
Peristalsis
73
Valves called _________ regulate the movement of material between compartments
Sphincters
74
Stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension
Stomach
75
Stomach secretes __________ juice
Gastric
76
Mixture of ingested food and gastric juice
Chyme
77
Gastric juice has a ______ pH of about ____
Low; 2
78
Kills bacteria and denatures proteins
Gastric juice
79
Made up of hydrochloride acid (HCl) and pepsin
Gastric juice
80
Is a protease
Pepsin
81
Breaks down peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller polypeptides
Protease
82
________ cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach
Parietal
83
_______ cells secrete inactive ____________
Chief; pepsinogen
84
Is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Pepsinogen
85
What protects the stomach lining from gastric juice
Mucus
86
Cell division adds a new __________ layer every ___ days
Epithelial; 3

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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