Chapter 29: Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

Question 1

Are named for their liver-shaped gametophytes

Answer 1

Liverworts

Question 2

Some species of what have gametangia elevated on stalks?

Answer 2

Liverworts

Question 3

What’s another name for Liverworts?

Answer 3

Phylum Hepatophyta

Question 4

Some species of Liverworts have stemlike gametophytes with many leaflike ____________

Answer 4

Appendages

Question 5

What is another name for Hornworts?

Answer 5

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Question 6

What do sporophytes look like in Hornworts?

Answer 6

Long and tapered horn shaped structures, growing up to 5 cm tall

Question 7

In Hornworts, when are spore released?

Answer 7

When the horn splits open

Question 8

What do gametophytes look like in Hornworts?

Answer 8

1-2 cm in diameter, grow horizontally, and multiple sporophytes attached

Question 9

____________ form symbioses with __________-fixing bacteria.

Answer 9

Hornworts; nitrogen

Question 10

What is another name for Mosses?

Answer 10

Phylum Bryophyta

Question 11

How big are Gametophytes in Mosses?

Answer 11

Less than 15 cm tall, range from 1 mm to 60 cm

Question 12

_______________ are usually visible to the naked eye in which Bryophyte?

Answer 12

Sporophytes; Mosses

Question 13

What color are Mosses when they are young? What color do they turn before releasing spores?

Answer 13

Green and photosynthetic; brown

Question 14

Where are mosses most common?

Answer 14

Moist forests and wetlands

Question 15

T/F: mosses only inhabit hot environments.

Answer 15

F: They also inhabit extremely cold, hot, and dry environments

Question 16

“Peat moss”

Answer 16

Sphagnum

Question 17

What forms extensive deposits of partially decaying organic material known as _______

Answer 17

Sphagnum; peat

Question 18

Can be used as source of fuel

Answer 18

Peat

Question 19

What 3 things inhibit decay of moss and other organisms

Answer 19

Low temp., pH, and O2 levels of peatlands

Question 20

Peatlands cover __% of Earth’s land surface

Answer 20

3

Question 21

Contain 1/3 of the world’s soil carbon

Answer 21

Peatlands

Question 22

___________ were the prominent vegetation for the first 100 million years of plant evolution

Answer 22

Bryophytes

Question 23

The earliest vascular plants fossils are _______ million years old

Answer 23

425

Question 24

What has allowed plants to grow much taller?

Answer 24

Vascular tissue

Question 25

This type of plants are still restricted to moist habitats where the sperm can swim to the egg

Answer 25

Seedless vascular plants

Question 26

The ___________ sporophyte lived relatively _____________ of the gametophyte

Answer 26

Vascular; independent

Question 27

What stimulated further evolution within the vascular plants

Answer 27

Competition for space and sunlight

Question 28

Living vascular plants are characterized by (1)

Answer 28

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes

Question 29

Living vascular plants are characterized by (2)

Answer 29

Transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem

Question 30

Living vascular plants are characterized by (3)

Answer 30

Well-developed roots and leaves

Question 31

Living vascular plants are characterized by (4)

Answer 31

Spore bearing leaves called sporophylls

Question 32

Transport in vascular tissues called _________ and __________

Answer 32

Xylem; phloem

Question 33

Spore-bearing leaves

Answer 33

Sporphylls

Question 34

In what kind of plants are the sporophytes larger and more complex than gametophytes?

Answer 34

Seedless vascular plants

Question 35

____________ plants have 2 types of vascular tissues: _________ and _________

Answer 35

Vascular; xylem; phloem

Question 36

Conducts most of the water and minerals

Answer 36

Xylem

Question 37

Xylem include tube-shaped cells called

Answer 37

Tracheids

Question 38

Xylem cells are ________ at functional maturity and are _________

Answer 38

Dead; lignified

Question 39

What is a polymer that strengthens Xylem

Answer 39

Lignin

Question 40

How are the cells of phloem tissue arranged?

Answer 40

Tubes

Question 41

What does phloem tissue transport?

Answer 41

Organic materials, sugar

Question 42

Phloem cells are ________ at functional maturity

Answer 42

Alive

Question 43

What 2 things make taller plants better?

Answer 43

More sunlight; disperse sports further

Question 44

Are organs and anchor vascular plants into the ground

Answer 44

Roots

Question 45

Absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Answer 45

Roots

Question 46

May have evolved from below ground stems

Answer 46

Roots

Question 47

Increase surface area for light capture and conduct most of the photosynthesis in plants

Answer 47

Leaves

Question 48

What are the 2 types of leaves?

Answer 48

Microphylls and Megaphylls

Question 49

Small, often spine-shaped leaves with a single vein

Answer 49

Microphylls

Question 50

Found in Lycophytes

Answer 50

Microphylls

Question 51

Larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Answer 51

Megaphylls

Question 52

Found in all other plant groups

Answer 52

Megaphylls

Question 53

Modified leaves with sporangia

Answer 53

Sporophylls

Question 54

Are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of fern sporphylls

Answer 54

Sori

Question 55

Many Lycophytes and most gymnosperms have ____________

Answer 55

Strobili

Question 56

Clumps of sporphylls in cone-like structures

Answer 56

Strobili

Question 57

Sporophylls of angiosperms are called ________ and ________

Answer 57

Carpels; stamens

Question 58

Most seedless vascular plants are

Answer 58

Homosporous

Question 59

Homospores have _____ type of sporophylls and sporangium, which produces one type of _______

Answer 59

One; spore

Question 60

Homosporous spores produce ________ gametophytes

Answer 60

Bisexual

Question 61

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ___________

Answer 61

Heterosporous

Question 62

Have 2 types of sporphylls bearing different sporangia that produce different spore types

Answer 62

Heterosporous

Question 63

The spores of Heterosporous give rise to either _______ or _________ gametophytes

Answer 63

Male; female

Question 64

What bear megasporangia?

Answer 64

Megasporophylls

Question 65

What produce large mega spores?

Answer 65

Megasporangia

Question 66

_________ develop into female gametophytes

Answer 66

Megaspores

Question 67

What bear microsporangia

Answer 67

Microsporophylls

Question 68

What produce relatively small micro spores

Answer 68

Microsporangia

Question 69

____________ develop into male gametophytes

Answer 69

Microspores

Question 70

What are the 2 clades of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 70

Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Moniphyta

Question 71

Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

Answer 71

Phylum Lycophyta

Question 72

Include ferns, horsetails, and whisk forms and their relatives

Answer 72

Phylum Monilophyta

Question 73

Another name for Lycophytes

Answer 73

Phylum Lycophyta

Question 74

What are gametophytes of Lycophytes

Answer 74

Photosynthetic; others form below ground symbiosis with fungi

Question 75

What are sporophytes of Lycophytes

Answer 75

Have both leaf-forming upright stems, and ground-hugging root-forming stems

Question 76

Spikemosses and quill worts are all __________

Answer 76

Heterosporous

Question 77

Clubmosses are

Answer 77

Homosporous

Question 78

Spikemosses and clubmosses have _________

Answer 78

Strobili

Question 79

Spikemosses and clubmosses sporophylls cluster into _____-______ cones

Answer 79

Club-shaped

Question 80

Another name for Monilophytes

Answer 80

Phylum Monilophyta

Question 81

Include ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and relatives

Answer 81

Monilophytes

Question 82

Fern sporophytes have large ____________ (fronds) that are divided into _______

Answer 82

Megasporophylls; leaflets

Question 83

Coiled at the tip (fiddle head); which unfurls as the leaf grows

Answer 83

Frond

Question 84

Most species of ferns are _________, and have _________ devices for spore dispersal

Answer 84

Homosporous; springlike

Question 85

The sporophytes of this have jointed stems with rings of small leaves or branches

Answer 85

Horsetails

Question 86

Gritty stem have been used for scouring pots and pans

Answer 86

Horsetails

Question 87

Fertile and vegetative stems

Answer 87

Horsetails

Question 88

Horsetail gametophytes are __________

Answer 88

Bisexual

Question 89

Have dichotomously branching stems but no roots

Answer 89

Whisk fern sporophytes

Question 90

3 fused sporangia form a yellow knob on the end of each stem

Answer 90

Whisk ferns

Question 91

Whisk ferns are all ___________ with ________ gametophytes

Answer 91

Homosporous; bisexual

Question 92

Closely related to whisk ferns, lack roots but have leaflike outgrowths of the stem

Answer 92

Tmesipteris

Question 93

Diversified into small herbaceous plants and giant trees by the __________ period

Answer 93

Lycophytes; Carboniferous

Question 94

About ________ species of small lycophytes remain now

Answer 94

1,200

Question 95

T/F: Lycophytes are not true mosses

Answer 95

T

Question 96

T/F: Lycophytes are vascular plants

Answer 96

T: Lycophytes are not true mosses, true mosses are Nonvascular