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Biology 2 > Chapter 29: Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Plant Diversity Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

________ evolved from _______ algae

A

Plants; green

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of diversity of plants that evolved?

A

Nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed

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3
Q

How manny known plant species are there? Where do most of them live?

A

325,000; on land

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4
Q

What 3 things do plants supply?

A

Oxygen, food sources, and habitat

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5
Q

What are the closest relatives of plants?

A

Charophytes

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6
Q

Plants and some algae are ____________

A

Multicellular

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7
Q

Some algae, like plants have __________ in their cell walls and __________ containing chlorophyll ___ and __

A

Cellulose; chloroplasts; a; b

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8
Q

What is the first trait that plants share with Charophytes?

A

Cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins are arranged in rings, rather than linear sets

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9
Q

What is the second trait that plants share with Charophytes?

A

Structure of flagellated sperm

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10
Q

What is the third trait that plants share with Charophytes?

A

Sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA

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11
Q

What clade of Charophytes are the closest living relatives to plants?

A

Zygnematophyceae

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12
Q

T/F: plants are descended from modern Charophytes

A

F: Plants are NOT descended from modern charophytes, but share a common ancestor with them

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13
Q

An alga closely related to plants

A

Zygnema

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14
Q

Charophytes have coating of _____________

A

Sporopollenin

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15
Q

A polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

A

Sporopollenin

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16
Q

Found in plant spore walls

A

Sporopollenin

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17
Q

What are the 3 benefits of having plants on land?

A

Undiluted sunlight, more, and nutrient-rich soil

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18
Q

What are the two challenges of living on land

A

Scarcity of water and lack of structural support against gravity

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19
Q

What allowed plants to thrive on land

A

Adaptations evolved

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20
Q

Plants with embryos

A

Embryophytes

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21
Q

Three possible “plant” kingdoms

A

Viridiplantae, Streptophyta, and Plantae

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22
Q

3 key traits in nearly all plants, but are absent in the charophytes

A

Alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, and apical meristems

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23
Q

Type of plant life cycle consisting of multicellular forms that gives rise to each other in turn

A

Alternation of generations

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24
Q

The process by which the life cycles of plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: ___________ and ___________

A

Alternation of Generations; gametophytes; sporophytes

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25
The ________ haploid ___________ produces haploid ___________ (sperm and eggs) by _________
Multicellular; gametophyte; gametes; mitosis
26
The multicellular __________ sporophyte produces _________ spores by _________
Diploid; haploid; meiosis
27
__________ develop into gametophytes and fertilized eggs (______) develop into __________
Spores; zygotes; sporophytes
28
Embryos in Alternation of Generation is
Multicellular, dependent
29
The _______ embryo is retained and protected within the ________ of the female _____________
Diploid; tissue; gametophyte
30
What is transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells
Nutrients
31
Plants are called ___________ because of this dependency of the ________ on the parent
Embryophytes; embryo
32
What are produced in sporangia?
Walled spores
33
The sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called ___________
Sporangia
34
Spore walls contain ____________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments
Sporopollenin
35
Localized regions of cell division at the tips of root and shoots are called
Apical meristems
36
These cells divide continuously, enabling elongation of roots and shoots for better resource acquisition
Apical meristems
37
What are two additional derived traits of plants?
Cuticle and stomata
38
A waxy covering of the epidermis that reduces water loss
Cuticle
39
Pores that facilitate gas exchange between the outside air and internal plant tissues
Stomata
40
What did early plants lack that made absorption of nutrients from the soil challenging?
True roots and leaves
41
What may have helped plants without roots to colonize land?
Symbiotic association with fungi (mycorrhizae)
42
What colonized land 3.2 billion years ago?
Microorganisms
43
What first appeared in the fossil record from about 470 million years ago?
Plant spores
44
What is an example of a fossil of larger structure that date to 425 million years ago
Cooksonia sproganium
45
What evolved to produce the vast diversity of plants present on Earth today?
Ancestral species
46
Cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and nutrients
Vascular tissue
47
Plants that have a complex vascular tissue system are called
Vascular plants
48
What type of plants lack and extensive transport system
“Nonvascular” plants
49
3 examples of Nonvascular plants
Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
50
What are Nonvascular plants informally called?
Bryophytes
51
Have an extensive vascular transport system, but do not produce seeds
Seedless vascular plants
52
What are the 2 clades of Seedless vascular plants?
Lycophytes and Monilpphytes
53
This clade are club mosses and their relatives
Lycophytes
54
This clade are ferns and their relatives
Monilophytes
55
T/F: The seedless vascular plants do NOT form a clade
T
56
What are the 2 groups of Seed plants?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
57
Form a clade that produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers (“naked seeds”)
Gymnosperms
58
Form a clade that produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers
Angiosperms
59
Nearly 90% of living plants species are _____________
Angiosperms
60
Are represented today by 3 phyla of small, herbaceous (nonwoody) plants
Bryophytes
61
What are the 3 kinds of Bryophytes
Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts
62
Liverworts
Phylum Hepatophyta
63
Mosses
Phylum Bryophyta
64
Hornworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta
65
These groups diverged from other plant lineages early in the history of plant evolution
Bryophytes
66
What are dominant in all bryophytes
Haploid gametophytes
67
Larger and longer-living than sporophytes
Haploid gametophytes
68
Usually present for only part of the life cycle
Sporophytes
69
When dispersed to a favorable habitat, _______ spores germinate and develop into _____________.
Bryophyte; gametophyte
70
What produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments called a ___________
Moss spores; protonema
71
Absorbs water and nutrients and forms “buds” that develop into gametophytes
Protonema
72
Bryophytes are constrained in height by lack of…
Rigid support tissues and vascular tissue for long distance transport
73
Some moss species have __________ _______ that enable growth up to 2 feet tall
Conducting tissues
74
Root-like structures that anchor gametophytes to the substrate
Rhizoids
75
Lack specialized conducting cells and do not participate in water or mineral absorption
Rhizoids
76
Gametophytes can produce multiple ____________, structures that produce gametes
Gametangia
77
Female gametangia, produce a single nonmotile egg
Archegonia
78
Male gametangia, produce many motile sperm
Antheridia
79
Flagellated sperm swim to the egg through a film of water in response to _________ _______
Chemical attractants
80
What are retained within the archegonium
Fertilized egg and resulting embryo
81
Limited by water availability and the proximity of male and female gametophytes
Sexual reproduction
82
Reproduce asexually
Bryophytes
83
Some moss produce ________ bodies, small plantlet that detach and form new plants
Brood

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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