Chapter 40: Slides 60-90

Question 1

The arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds allows for

Answer 1

Countercurrent exchange

Question 2

What transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions; reduce heat loss

Answer 2

Countercurrent heat exchangers

Question 3

What animals use countercurrent heat exchanges

Answer 3

Sharks, fish, and insects

Question 4

Many __________ insects have a countercurrent heat exchangers that help maintain a high temperature in the thorax

Answer 4

Endothermic

Question 5

What helps to cool an animal down?

Answer 5

Sweating or bathing

Question 6

What increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals

Answer 6

Panting

Question 7

_________ and sometimes __________ use behavioral responses to control body temperature

Answer 7

Ectotherms; endotherms

Question 8

What contributes to thermoregulation in both endotherms and Ectotherms

Answer 8

Social behavior

Question 9

The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature

Answer 9

Thermogenesis

Question 10

What is increased by muscle activity such as moving or __________

Answer 10

Thermogenesis; shivering

Question 11

______________ thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause ___________ to increase their metabolic activity

Answer 11

Nonshivering; mitochondria

Question 12

Some mammals have a tissue called __________ ______ that is specialized for rapid heat production

Answer 12

Brown fat

Question 13

Found in the infants of many mammals and in adult mammals that hibernate

Answer 13

Brown fat

Question 14

_______ and ___________ can adjust their insulation to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes

Answer 14

Birds; mammals

Question 15

_______ composition of cell membranes may change with temperature

Answer 15

Lipid

Question 16

When temperatures are subzero, some ___________ produce “_________” compounds the prevent ice formation in their cells

Answer 16

Ectotherms; antifreeze

Question 17

In mammals, the sensors responsible for thermoregulation are concentrated in a region of the brain called the

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

Triggers heat loss or heat-generating mechanisms

Answer 18

Hypothalamus

Question 19

Energy requirements are related to animal ______, __________, and _____________

Answer 19

Size
Activity
Environment

Question 20

Is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

Answer 20

Bioenergetics

Question 21

Determines the animal’s nutritional needs

Answer 21

Bioenergetics

Question 22

Plants; harness light energy to build energy rich molecules

Answer 22

Autotrophs

Question 23

Animals; harvest chemical energy from food

Answer 23

Heterotrophs

Question 24

Powers cellular work

Answer 24

ATP

Question 25

Body growth and repair Synthesis materials such as fat Production of gametes

Answer 25

Biosynthesis

Question 26

The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Answer 26

Metabolic rate

Question 27

Metabolic rate can be determined by: an animal’s _______ loss

Answer 27

Heat

Question 28

Metabolic rate can be determined by: the amount of _________ consumed or _________ __________ produced

Answer 28

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

Question 29

Metabolic rate can be determined by: measuring energy content of _______ consumed and _______ lost in waste products

Answer 29

Food; energy

Question 30

What is the metabolic rate of an ___________ at rest, with an empty stomach, and not experiencing stress

Answer 30

Basal metabolic rate (BMR); endotherm

Question 31

What is the metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed __________ at rest at a specific temperature

Answer 31

Standard metabolic rate (SMR); Ectotherm

Question 32

Have much lower metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size

Answer 32

Ectotherms

Question 33

What are other facts that affect metabolic rates

Answer 33

Age Sex Size Activity Temperature Nutrition

Question 34

Metabolic rate is roughly proportional to ________ _______ to the power of _______-_________

Answer 34

Body mass; three quarters

Question 35

Smaller animals have ________ metabolic rates per gram than larger animals

Answer 35

Higher

Question 36

As a body size __________, energy cost per gram of tissue _________ but a larger fraction of body tissue is needed for exchange, support, and locomotion

Answer 36

Increases; decrease

Question 37

What greatly affects metabolic rate for both endotherms and Ectotherms

Answer 37

Activity

Question 38

The maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain is _________ related to the duration of the activity

Answer 38

Inversely

Question 39

BMR

Answer 39

Endotherms

Question 40

SMR

Answer 40

Ectotherms

Question 41

Is a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

Answer 41

Torpor

Question 42

Enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions

Answer 42

Torpor

Question 43

Is a long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

Answer 43

Hibernation

Question 44

Summer torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

Answer 44

Estivation