Chapter 8 Vocab part 2

Question 0

Reinforcer

Answer 0

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A stimulus or an event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Question 1

Successive Approximation

Answer 1

Steps taken to achieve a desired behavior

Question 2

Positive reinforcement

Answer 2

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Question 3

Negative reinforcement

Answer 3

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. NOT A PUNISHMENT

Question 4

Primary reinforcers

Answer 4

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 5

Conditioned reinforcers (secondary)

Answer 5

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Question 6

Punishment

Answer 6

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 7

Positive Punishment

Answer 7

Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 8

Negative Punishment

Answer 8

Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 9

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 9

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 10

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 10

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 11

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 11

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforcers a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 12

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 12

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 13

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 13

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 14

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 14

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 15

Latent learning

Answer 15

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 16

Cognitive learning

Answer 16

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 17

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 17

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 18

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 18

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Learning by observing others

Question 20

Modeling

Answer 20

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 21

Mirror neurons

Answer 21

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

Question 22

Albert Bandura

Answer 22

Famous for bobo doll experiments

Question 23

Prosocial behavior

Answer 23

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior