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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

general characteristics of the digestive system

extends? what is involved? aka? how are muscles involved?

A

extends about 5-7 meters from mouth to anus
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
-aka alimentary canal
muscles are in sustained contraction along tract

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2
Q

Digestive System Basic Processes (6)

A

1) Ingestion
2) Secretion (enzymes break down food)
3) Mixing & Propulsion (why stomach gurgles (peristalsis))
4) Digestion (takes place mainly in small intestine)
5) Absorption (also in small intestine, why it’s so long)
6) Defecation (pooping)

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3
Q

Peritoneum

def? parts? (4)

A

largest serous membrane in body in abdominal cavity

  • mesentary
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
  • peritoneal cavity
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4
Q

Mesentary

def?

A

binds small intestine to abdominal wall

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5
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

def?

A

lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

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6
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

def?

A

covers some organs in digestive system

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7
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

location? filled w/?

A

btwn 2 layers

filled w/ serous fluid

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8
Q

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

what are they? all connected by…?

A 
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary Glands
ALL connected by ducts
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9
Q

Pancreas

also what? produces how much per day? duct involved? function?

A

also an endocrine gland
produces 1200-1500 mL/day
pancreatic duct connects w/ small intestine
FUNCTION: secretes pancreatic juice

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10
Q

what are all the enzymes/pancreatic juices the pancreas produces? what do they help with? (7)

A

pancreatic amylase- carbohydrate digestion
pancreatic lipase- fat digestion
trypsin- protein digestion
nuclease- break down nucleic acids
also: water, sodium, bicarbonate (neutralize intestine, base)

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11
Q

Liver

known as? description? functions in general? (5)

A 
largest internal organ
divided into left & right lobes
functions:
1.maintains
2.storage
3.blood filteration
4.detoxification
5.produces bile
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12
Q

Liver Function

Maintains what?

A

1) Maintains carbohydrate, lipid, & protein metabolisms

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13
Q

Liver Function

storage of what?

A

2) Storage- glycogen, iron, & vitamin A, D, K, & B12

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14
Q

Liver Function

blood filteration of what?

A

3) Blood filteration- phagocytizes RBC, WBC, some bacteria

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15
Q

Liver Function

Detoxification of what?

A

4) Detoxification of blood (alcohol & drugs)

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16
Q

Liver Function

produces what?

A

5) Produces Bile (bile salts)

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17
Q

Bile

description? how much produced per day? includes (4)? function?

A 
Yellowish-green liquid secreted by hepatic cells (liver)
800-1000mL/day produced
Includes:
-bile salts
-cholesterol
-electrolytes (ions)
-water
aid in fat digestion (breaks fat into smaller globules)
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18
Q

Gallbladder

function? duct involved?

A

Function: -stores bile

-releases bile into small intestine through common bile duct

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19
Q

which organ stores bile and which makes it?

A

gallbladder stores bile

liver makes bile

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20
Q

Small Intestine

description? contains? purpose of these?

A

18-20 ft. long, 1 in. diameter

contains circular folds- increase surface area for absorption

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21
Q

Small Intestine

Functions? (4)

A

1) Receives secretions from pancreas & liver (like enzymes & bile)
2) Completes digestion of nutrients in chyme (using enzymes & bile)
3) Absorption of nutrients & water from digestion
4) Transports remaining residue to large intestine

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22
Q

Small Intestine Regions (3)

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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23
Q

Small Intestine Region- DUODENUM

description/length?

A

10 in. long, (shortest & fixed portion) (doesn’t move!)

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24
Q

Small Intestine Region-JEJUNUM

description/length? known to be?

A

Larger & thicker region
3 ft. long
More active in absorption than ileum
(really folded)

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25
Small Intestine Region-ILEUM | location? length? contains (2)?
Before large intestine 6 ft. long Contains more lymph vessels, nerves, & blood vessels (absorption as well) Ileocecal sphincter- joins small & large intestine
26
Small Intestine Structures (2)
Intestinal Villi | Intestinal Glands
27
Small Intestine Structure - INTESTINAL VILLI | description? what other structure is involved? function of them?
``` fingerlike projections of mucosa covered w/ MICROVILLI -absorptive cells w/ enzymes in them Function: increase surface area of intestine for absorption -contains blood & lymph vessels ```
28
Small Intestine Structure - INTESTINAL VILLI | function? contains?
Function: increase surface area of intestine for absorption | -contains blood & lymph vessels
29
Small Intestine Structure - INTESTINAL GLANDS | location? function? how often does it occur? helps what?
btwn bases of villi Function: secrete large volume of intestinal juice (water & mucous) -secretes 1-2 L/day -helps villi absorb digestive products
30
intestinal juice is made up of what? (2)
water & mucous | constipated w/o water
31
Intestinal Enzymes | secreted by what?
secreted by epithelial cells in villi
32
Intestinal Enzymes - PEPTIDASE | what does it do?
breaks peptides into amino acids
33
Intestinal Enzymes - Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase | what does it do?
breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides | break down sugar enzymes, lactase- milk sugar
34
Intestinal Enzymes - Intestinal Lipase | what does it do?
splits fats into fatty acids & glycerol
35
Large Intestine | length/description? contains what?
5 ft. long, 2.5 cm. in diameter - no villi | Haustra
36
Large Intestine | Functions? (4)
1) Haustral churning & peristalsis to move contents into rectum 2) Absorbs some water, electrolytes, & vitamins 3) Forms & stores feces 4) Defecating- emptying rectum
37
Large Intestine- HAUSTRA | def?
pouches of colon caused by contraction of colon muscles
38
Parts of Large Intestine | what are they (5)?
1) Cecum 2) Colon 3) Rectum 4) Anal Canal 5) Anus
39
Parts of Large Intestine - CECUM | location? description? what's attached @ the end of it?
beginning of large intestine pouch-like appendix attached @ end
40
Parts of Large Intestine - COLON | 4 parts & location? (another name for the colon is..?)
``` ascending- right side transverse- longest, most moveable descending- left side sigmoid- S shaped curve @ end (another name for large intestine) ```
41
Parts of Large Intestine - Anal Canal | length?
8 in. long
42
Parts of Large Intestine - Anus | def? aided by?
opening to outside of body | -aided by: Internal & External anal sphincters
43
what color is the gallbladder?
green
44
key word for the digestive system?
peri
45
Final Digestion | what is it? what is produces and what is fermented? what's released?
Activity of bacteria called intestinal flora - produces some B & K vitamins - ferment remaining carbs - release hydrogen, carbon dioxide, & methane gases
46
Feces | def? contains (6)?
product of chyme after 3-10 hrs in colon after water absorption contains: -undigested food, water, electrolytes, mucus, shed intestinal cells, bacteria
47
Mouth is aka?
Oral Cavity
48
Mouth (Oral Cavity) | Functions (2)? what is involved in each? purpose of them?
Function: 1. Mainly mechanical digestion (starts mechanical) - tongue & teeth reduce food to soft, flexible mass- BOLUS 2. Begins chemical digestion - salivary amylase in saliva - breaks down carbs (starch) into disaccharides
49
Salivary Glands
Function: Secrete saliva (99.5% water, 0.5% solutes) -secretion increases w/ food
50
Salivary Glands | what are the 3 sets/pairs?
Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands
51
Salivary Glands- PAROTID GLANDS | location? description?
largest, anterior to ears | watery fluid w/ amylase
52
Salivary Glands- SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS | location? description?
floor of mouth | thicker fluid w/ mucous
53
Salivary Glands- SUBLINGUAL GLANDS | location? description?
smallest, beneath tongue | thickest fluid
54
Pharynx | function? connects what? contains?
Function: passageway for food (& air) connects nasal & oral cavities w/ larynx and esophagus contains sense receptors for swallowing
55
Esophagus | length? functions (2)? contains?
about 25 cm. long Function: -move food -moisten & lubricate food (mucous) contains esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)
56
Esophagus- esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter) | btwn what? muscle fibers description? what does the sphincter prevent?
btwn esophagus and stomach group of circular muscle fibers that remain contracted prevents regurgitation into esophagus
57
Deglutition (Swallowing) | bolus movement/location? what happens? (2 different locations of bolus description)
Bolus moves from mouth to pharynx -triggers sense receptors in medulla oblongata and pons to swallow Bolus moves from pharynx to esophagus -peristalsis occurs
58
Peristalsis | what is it? describe (2)
coordinated contractions of muscularis layer of GI tract moves food through GI tract (wave-like motion of muscle contraction, all along GI tract, arhythmic contractions, constant)
59
Stomach | shape? capacity/length? size when empty? inner lining thick folds are called what? can they be seen?
``` J-shaped 1 L capacity, 20-30 cm. long Empty- size of large sausage Inner lining thick folds called rugae -disappear in full stomach ```
60
Stomach | Functions (4)
moves food w/ gastric juice (mix w/ food to break down) initiates digestion of proteins carries on limited absorption bolus converted to chyme (paste bc mixed w/ gastric juice) -liquid
61
Parts of the stomach (4 regions)
Cardia region Fundus region Body region Pyloric region
62
Parts of the stomach- Cardia Region | location?
closest to esophagus
63
Parts of the stomach- Fundus Region | description (2)?
temporary storage area | sometimes fills w/ swallowed air
64
Parts of the stomach- Body Region | location?
Central portion
65
Parts of the stomach- Pyloric Region | location? becomes what? contains? functions of what is contains (2)?
``` Narrow portion at bottom Becomes the pyloric canal close to small intestine Pyloric sphincter -btwn stomach and small intestine -controls gastric emptying ```
66
Gastric juice
Contains: -pepsin (enzyme), mucous, HCL | -produce 2000-3000 mL per day
67
Function of Gastric Juice
break down proteins
68
Gastric Juice- Gastric Glands | what kind of cells does it contain? what are the 3 types?
contains 3 types of secretory cells - mucous cell - chief cells - parietal cells
69
Gastric Glands- Mucous cell | secretes? why?
secrete mucous, protect stomach lining
70
Gastric Glands- Chief cells | secretes? why?
secretes pepsinogen that forms into enzyme pepsin- break down proteins
71
Gastric Glands- Parietal cells | secretes? why?
secretes HCl solution & intrinsic factor (aids in vitamin B12 absorption) (helps body absorb things)
72
sphincters in stomach... what is at beginning and what's at the end?
beginning- cardiac | end- pyloric
73
general stomach characteristics | rate of emptying depends on what?
rate of emptying depends on type of food and fluidity of chyme
74
general stomach characteristics | what passes through quickly? longest? what happens when you're more hungry?
liquids, proteins, and carbs pass through quickly (bc already being broken down by enzymes) fatty foods- 3-6 hrs (take longest) more hungry- more gastric juice secreted
75
how many layers does the GI tract have? what are they?
``` 4 layers of the GI tract: serosa muscularis submucosa mucosa ```
76
Submucosa | type of tissue & purpose of it? contains and what do they do? what controls it? what else plays a role?
connective tissue that binds mucosa to muscularis - contains: glands - Neuronal networks from ENS and ANS control secretions into GI tract - Blood & lymphatic vessels absorb food molecules - Glands in submucosa secrete substances into GI tract
77
Muscularis | aka/what does it produce? def? type of muscle & purpose of it? contains different muscle like? controlled by?
(peristalsis) (muscularis produces movement) thick layer of muscle (mostly smooth, but part skeletal in esophagus and anal sphincter muscles) that break down food, mix it, and move it through GI tract (smooth-intestines & stomach, skeletal- upper GI mouth, pharynx, upper eso.) -inner sheet of circular muscle -outer layer of longitudinal muscle -ENS neurons control frequency and strength of muscle contractions
78
Mucosa | def? contains (2)? layers (4)?
Inner lining of digestive tract (SECRETES MUCOUS) - contains: digestive enzyme secreting glands & mucous - Epithelium -absorbs substances - Lamina propria -is connective tissue - Muscularis mucosae -thin layer of smooth muscle that creates folds in mucosa, which increases absorptive surface area. - Lymphatic nodules -protect against pathogens
79
Serosa | aka? consists of (2)? function/purpose?
(Peritoneum) outermost layer, which consists of: connective tissue & epithelium serosa secretes a watery fluid (serous) that lubricates GI tract, allowing it to slide against other organs
80
(In the stomach) Surface Mucous Cell | what does it secrete?
secretes mucus
81
(In the stomach) Mucous Neck Cell | what does it secrete?
secretes mucus
82
(In the stomach) Parietal Cell | what does it secrete?
secretes hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor
83
(In the stomach) Chief Cell | what does it secrete?
secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
84
(In the stomach) Enteroendocrine Cell | what does it secrete?
secretes hormone gastrin
85
(In the Small Intestine) Absorptive Cell | function?
absorbs nutrients
86
(In the Small Intestine) Goblet Cell | function?
secretes mucus
87
(In the Small Intestine) Enteroendocrine Cell | function?
secretes hormones secretin or cholecystokinin
88
(In the Small Intestine) Paneth Cell | function?
secretes lysozyme and is capable of phagocytosis

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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