Respiratory Structures & Details

Question 1

(Structure of an alveolus)
Type 2 alveolar cell secretes surfactant
def? what does it do?

Answer 1

phospholipid mixture that prevents alveolus from collapsing and makes the lungs more stretchy

Question 2

(Structure of an alveolus)
Alveolus
def?

Answer 2

air-filled sac that is the terminal part of the airways

Question 3

(Structure of an alveolus)
Interstitial space
def?

Answer 3

space btwn cells filled with interstitial fluid

Question 4

(Structure of an alveolus)
Alveolar cell
def?

Answer 4

thin-walled, squamous epithelial cell that is the site of gas exchange

Question 5

(Structure of an alveolus)
Alveolar fluid
contains?

Answer 5

contains surfactant

Question 6

(Structure of an alveolus)
Alveolar macrophage
def/function?

Answer 6

phagocytes that wander through the alveoli and remove dust and debris from alveolar spaces

Question 7

branching of a bronchial tree (10)

Answer 7

trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducs
alveolar sacs
alveoli

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

cartilaginous tube that extends from larynx to bronchi. it’s the main airway and is lined w/ mucous membranes that move trapped particles upward to the pharynx

Question 9

Pleaural membranes

Answer 9

enclose and protect each lung

Question 10

Pleural cavity

Answer 10

fluid-filled space btwn lungs and pleural membranes that connects the lungs to the thoracic wall

Question 11

horizontal fissure

Answer 11

separates superior and middle lobes of lung (right only)

Question 12

oblique fissue

Answer 12

separates middle and inferior lobes of lung (right and left)

Question 13

left and right bronchi (primary bronchi)

Answer 13

connect trachea with left and right lungs; pulmonary blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and exit along bronchial passages

Question 14

secondary and tertiary bronchi

Answer 14

branch from primary bronchi

Question 15

bronchioles

Answer 15

smaller tubes that branch from tertiary bronchi

Question 16

cardiac notch

Answer 16

indentation in left lung where heart sits

Question 17

diaphragm

Answer 17

one of the major respiratory muscles

Question 18

carina

Answer 18

last line of cartilage before primary bronchi

Question 19

internal respiration

O2 ? CO2 ?

Answer 19

O2 diffuses from red blood cells into tissues
CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into RBC
(gas exchange btwn systemic capillaries and tissue cells)

Question 20

external respiration

O2? CO2?

Answer 20

O2 diffuses from alveolus into plasma & red blood cells
CO2 diffuses out of RBC into an alveolus to be exhaled
(gas exchange btwn alveoli and pulmonary capillaries)

Question 21

partial pressure in atmosphere?

Answer 21

nitrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide
other gases 
total: 760 mmHg

Question 22

diaphragm relaxed is? inhaled?

Answer 22

relaxed- arched

inhale- straight

Question 23

sternocleiodmastoid muscles

Answer 23

raise in sternum during deep inhalations

Question 24

scalene muscles

Answer 24

elevate the 2 uppermost ribs during deep inhalations

Question 25

external intercostals

Answer 25

pull up and out on the ribs, thereby contributing to expanding the thoracic cavity during normal breathing

Question 26

diaphragm

Answer 26

major muscle of inhalation | as it contracts, it descends and flattens, thereby increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 27

internal intercostal muscles

Answer 27

move the upper ribs downward during forced exhalation

Question 28

abdominal muscles

Answer 28

``` COMPRESS ABDOMINAL VISCERA AND FORCE DIAPHRAGM UPWARD DURING FORCED EXHALATION -INTERNAL OBLIQUE -TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS -RECTUS ABDOMINIS (contract when exhale) ```

Question 29

external oblique muscles

Answer 29

move the lower ribs downward and inward during forced exhalation

Question 30

obstructive pulmonary diseases affect what? diseases? diseases?

Answer 30

``` affect the airways and hinder the flow of air asthma COPD Emphysema Chronic bronchitis ```

Question 31

restrictive pulmonary diseases affect what?

Answer 31

structure of lungs and limit the capacity of the lungs to expand pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis pulmonary edema