The Kidney (Urinary System Section) Flashcards by Lauren Bell

Kidney Anatomy

long/thick/wide? oz? located where? positioning?

About 4-5 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, 1 in. thick
4.5-5oz
Located btwn 12th thoracic & 3rd lumbar vertebrae
Right kidney slightly lower than left (bc of liver on the right)

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Tissue Coverings of the Kidney

how many layers? what are they?

3 tissue layers:

Renal Capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal Fascia

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Renal Capsule

description? function?

(covering of kidney)
deepest- dense connective tissue
helps maintain shape & keep infections out

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Adipose capsule

description? function?

middle layer- fatty

protects & holds kidneys in place

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Renal Fascia

description? function?

outer layer- thin dense irreg. connective tissue

holds kidneys to abdominal wall

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Nephrons

def? how many? consists of what 2 parts?

functional unit of kidney 
1 million nephrons per kidney
consists of 2 parts:
-Renal Corpuscle
-Renal Tubule

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(Nephron part)
Renal Corpuscle
contains (2)? function?

Glomerulus-capillary netowrk
Bowman’s Capsule-double walled epithelial cells (collects from diffusion btwn)
Function: Blood plasma filteration

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(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
what are the 3 sections?

3 sections:

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle (nephron loop)
distal convoluted tubule

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(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
-proximal convoluted tubule (description? location? funct?)

highly coiled portion
located in cortex
reabsorption & secretion take place

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(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
-loop of Henle (nephron loop) (location? composed of (2)?)

located in cortex and renal medulla
ascending limb of Henle
descending limb of Henle

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(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
-distal convoluted tubule (location? description? funct.?)

located in cortex
highly coiled
empty into collecting duct

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Why are there 3 sections of the Renal Tubule?

it allows for greatest surface area for exchange

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Types of Nephrons

Cortical Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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(Types of Nephrons)
Cortical Nephrons (description &amp; location?)

short nephron loops

renal cortex

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(Types of Nephrons)
Juxtamedullary Nephron (description &amp; location?)

long nephron loops
renal medulla (except Bowman in cortex)

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Urine Formation

What are the 3 parts?

3 parts:

1) Glomerular Filtration
2) Tubular Respiration
3) Tubular Secretion

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(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what 4 parts are involved?

Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC)
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Collecting Duct

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(Urine Formation)

3) Tubular Secretion

Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC)
Nephron Loop
Collecting Duct

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(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC) reabsorb?

Na, Cl, H2O, glucose, amino acids

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(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the Loop of Henle reabsorb?

Descending limb: H2O

Ascending limb: Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, K

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(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) reabsorb?

Na, K, Cl (same as collecting duct)

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(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the collecting duct reabsorb?

Na, K, Cl (same as Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT))

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(Urine Formation)
3) Tubular Secretion
what does the Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC) secrete?

Study These Flashcards

H+, ammonia, urea, & creatine

(Urine Formation)
3) Tubular Secretion
what does the nephron loop secrete?

Study These Flashcards

urea

(Urine Formation) 3) Tubular Secretion what does the collecting duct secrete?

H+, K+

(Urine Formation) 3) Tubular Secretion is basically?

ions & by products of metabolic reactions

Order of tissue layers of the kidney from deep to superficial

body of kidney renal capsule adipose capsule renal fascia

What is urea? how is the amount eliminated determined? percentage in urine?

product of amino acid metabolism in the liver -amount eliminated determined by amount of protein in diet 50% excreted in urine

Uric acid | What is it? percentage excreted in urine?

product of nucleic acid bases (adenine & guanine) metabolism 10% excreted in urine

What is urine Composed of? (5)

1) 95% water 2) Urea 3) Uric acid 4) Electrolytes 5) Ammonia

how much urine is produced per day?

1-2 Liters/day

color of urine?

yellow to amber color | transparent

pH of urine?

4.6-8, avg. 6.0

Water balance | described as?

water in = water out

Water Balance | Take in water by...?

Take in water: - 1) drinking (most) - 2) eating foods w/ water - 3) chemical reactions (cell respiration)

When is your urine more acidic, why?

more acidic when you wake up & darker | bc not eating or drinking anything

ammonia is a result of what in your urine?

too much high protein

urine dark yellow indicates..?

a lot of protein

Water Balance | Lose water by...?

- 1) Excretion by kidneys - 2) Evaporation from skin - 3) Exhalation - 4) Through feces

Normal daily water loss/ gain

2500 mL

Diuretics | def? causes? ex?

(drugs or chemicals) substance that slows reabsorption of water by kidneys causes elevated urine flow ex) caffeine

Urine Elimination - Ureters | measure? what occurs?

25 cm long | peristalsis waves carry urine to bladder

Urine Elimination- Urinary Bladder | function/ how much? description? contains (3)?

``` Stores urine- 700-800mL Empty- folded, Full-smooth Detrusor muscle Trigone Internal urethral sphincter ```

(Urinary Bladder) Detrusor muscle general description?

3 layers of smooth muscle

(Urinary Bladder) Trigone def? description?

triangular area on floor of bladder | -3 openings - open into urethra

(Urinary Bladder) Internal urethral sphincter function?

holds in urine (sphincters work opposite from the system)

Urine Elimination- Urethra

tube conveying urine to outside of body

Urine Elimination occurs from what down? location

kidneys down, behind small and large intestine

Micturition (urination) | Process (4)?

1) Full bladder stimulates parasympathetic motor nerves to stimulate detrusor muscle 2) External urethral sphincter relaxes and detrusor muscle contracts 3) Urine flows out of body 4) External urethral sphincter contracts and detrusor muscles relax

how are sphincters in the urinary system different from the digestive system?

Sphincters work opposite of bladder muscles

Renal cortex` | description? purpose?

light red outer region | receives most of blood supply

Renal medulla | description? composed of and contains?

dark brown inner region composed of renal pyramids contains tubules to collect urine

Renal pelvis | description? composed of (2)? purpose?

funnel shaped cavity composed of: major and minor calyces -collects urine and drains into ureters

Renal Veins

(left and right) drain blood from the kidneys

kidneys | regulate what? secrete what? excrete what?

(left and right) regulate blood volume, blood pressure, blood ionic composition, blood pH, and blood glucose secrete 2 hormones (Calcitriol and erythropoietin) excrete wastes

Renal Blood Supply | amount? percentage? flows through..?

1200 mL/min through kidney -20-25% cardiac output (blood flows) through renal arteries and veins

path of blood flow

``` renal artery (large -> small -> back) segmental arteries cortical radiate arteries arcuate arteries cortical radiate arteries afferent arterioles glomerulus efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries cortical radiate veins arcuate veins interlobular veins renal vein ```

The Kidney (Urinary System Section) Flashcards

(57 cards)